Transcript Final Review - PCHS SCIENCE

Final Review
34-74
Weather Continued
34-37
Question 34
Summer = warm humid
conditions. The air begins to
rise from the surface
throughout the day and then
cools at higher altitudes to
produce the type of clouds
associated with thunderstorms.
Why do thunderstorms often
occur in the afternoon during
the summer?
A. Surface cooling throughout the
day causes unstable conditions
in the troposphere.
B. Surface warming throughout
the day causes unstable
conditions in the troposphere.
C. Surface cooling throughout the
day causes stable conditions in
the troposphere.
D. Surface warming throughout
the day causes stable
conditions in the troposphere.
Question 35
What data do infrared
satellites use to create
images?
A. temperature
measurements
B. pressure measurements
C. humidity measurements
–
D. visible light
measurements
Infrared imagery detects differences in
thermal energy, which are used to map
either cloud cover or surface temperatures.
– The colder the cloud top the higher it is.
– Strength of a thunderstorm is related to its
height.
Question 36
In the diagram above, the occluded
front is closest to letter _____.
A.
B.
C.
A occluded front is the result of a
cold air mass overtaking a warm
front, wedging the warm air
upward.
Precipitation is common
on both sides of an
occluded front.
Question 37
In the diagram above, the warm
front is closest to letter _____.
A.
B.
C.
Advancing warm air displaces cold
air.
– The warm air develops a
gradual slope, not steep like a
cold front.
– Often has long periods of
cloudiness and precipitation.
Climate
38-52
Question 38
What causes seasons on this
planet?
A. The distance of a place
from the equator
B. Prevailing winds blowing
across land or water
C. The tilt of the Earth’s
Axis
D. The rotation of the Earth
E. The position of the
Moon to Earth
Question 39
The windward side of a mountain
usually
A. Is a desert
B. Has no precipitation
C. Is lush and green
D. Has warm, sinking air
A rain shadow is an area of land
that receives reduced
precipitation due to proximity
to mountain ranges. The
mountains block the passage
of rain-producing weather
systems, casting a "shadow" of
dryness behind them.
Warm moist air rises through
"orographic lifting" to the top
of a mountain.
It expands and cools to the dew
point and it precipitates onto
the windward side making it
more lush and green with
plants.
Question 40
Which of the following is an
example of a
microclimate?
A. The polar zone
B. A rain forest
C. A savanna
D. A city
• This is an example of a
microclimate, a localized
climate that differs from
the main regional climate.
• The concrete and asphalt
can create heat islands,
where the climate is
warmer than surrounding
rural areas.
• Sometimes as much as 3
degrees Celsius
difference.
Question 41
What are the two most
important factors in
determining the climate
of an area?
A. Precipitation and light
B. Temperature and ocean
currents
C. Light and temperature
D. Precipitation and ocean
currents
E. Temperature and
precipitation
Below are climate graphs comparing
them by those two factors.
Along the x-axis is months of the
year.
The y-axis shows rising temps or
precip
Do you know which is which biome?
Question 42
What Roman Numeral
best describes where El
Nino begins?
A. I
•Every 5 years
is a return of warm
B. II •It
water to the surface that
C. III cuts off cold water from
below as seen to the
D. IV right. Normal on top El
Nino below.
E. V •Causes floods in some
regions and drought in
others.
•Less hurricanes in our
region
South American / Peru/
Ecuador region
Question 43
Ice ages are about ___
degrees Celsius cooler
than normal.
A. 1 C cooler
B. 5 C cooler
C. 8 C cooler
D. 10 C cooler
E. 12 C cooler
The last ice age was about
10,000 years ago.
Question 44
Which gas is associated with
global warming
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Nitrogen oxide gasses
Sulfur dioxide gasses
Carbon dioxide gasses
CFCs
Hydrogen gasses
• Scientists theorize that
any increase in the
amount of greenhouse
gases, particular carbon
dioxide (CO2), would
result in the increased
absorption
of radiation.
• Global warming - rise in
global temperatures that
could result from higher
levels of greenhouse
gases.
Question 45
In general, as latitude
increases, the average
yearly temperature
A. increases
B. decreases
C. remains the same
D. varies irregularly
Remember latitude lines
run parallel to the
equator with the
equator being “0”
latitude. The poles are
the highest latitudes at
90.
The closer a location is to
the equator the more
direct rays of sunlight
they get.
Question 46
A city near the equator can
be coolest if it is
A. near the ocean
B. at a high altitude
C. in the prevailing
westerlies
D. in a jungle clearing
• The temperature of the
lower atmosphere
decreases with increasing
distance from Earth’s
surface which is the heat
source for air as it reradiates infrared radiation
from the sun.
• An air mass (dry) will cool
off by 10°C for every
1000m increase in
altitude.
Question 47
Which change is most likely to cause
Earth to cool?
A. shrinking of polar land masses
B. decrease in cloud cover
C. increased reflection of sunlight into
space
D. decreased reflection of sunlight into
space
Albedo is the fraction of solar energy
reflected from the Earth back into
space. It is a measure of the
reflectivity of the earth's surface.
Ice, especially with snow on top of it, has
a high albedo: most sunlight hitting
the surface bounces back towards
space.
Water is much more absorbent and less
reflective. So, if there is a lot of water
and less ice/snow, more solar
radiation is absorbed by the ocean
than when ice dominates.
When more solar radiation is absorbed
there will be higher temperatures.
This is a concern with global warming, if
the polar ice caps start to melt
temperatures will rise even higher.
Question 48
Which area of Earth
receives almost-vertical
rays of the sun all
through the year?
A. high latitudes
B. middle latitudes
C. latitudes near the
equator
D. all of the above
• The Sun feels hotter in
the tropics because its
rays strike Earth most
directly
• Polar regions
– rays strike Earth at
low angles.
– the same amount of
energy is spread
over a larger area.
Question 49
A city and a forest are
located in the same
region. On a hot summer
day, which would have
cooler outdoor
temperatures?
A. The city would be cooler.
B. The forest would be
cooler.
C. Both would be the
same.
D. none of the above
• This is an example of a
microclimate, a localized
climate that differs from
the main regional climate.
• The concrete and asphalt
can create heat islands,
where the climate is
warmer than surrounding
rural areas.
• Sometimes as much as 3
degrees Celsius
difference.
Question 50
What is smog made of?
A.
B.
C.
D.
ozone and vehicle exhaust
ozone and radon
acid rain
Carbon dioxide
Smog is a photochemical haze
caused by the action of solar
radiation on an atmosphere
polluted with hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides mostly from
automobile exhaust systems.
Ozone (O3), the major chemical in
smog, is a gas molecule made up
of three oxygen atoms.
– Ozone is beneficial in the upper
atmosphere because it absorbs
and filters out harmful ultraviolet
(UV) radiation.
– Ground-level ozone irritates the
eyes, noses, throats, and lungs of
humans, and it also has harmful
effects
on plants
Air pollution also occurs in the form of particulate
matter ranging in size from microscopic bits to large
grains. Particulates can lodge in lung tissues and cause breathing difficulties and
lung disease.
Question 51
Ozone in the stratosphere is very important to living things because it
A. reflects ultraviolet radiation
B. absorbs ultraviolet radiation
C. creates holes for ultraviolet radiation
D. reduces smog caused by ultraviolet radiation
Ozone is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically
harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the Sun. UV
radiation is divided into three categories, based on its wavelength;
these are referred to as UV-A , UV-B , and UV-C. UV-C, which
would be very harmful to all living things, is entirely screened out
by ozone at around 35 km altitude (stratosphere). UV-B radiation
can be harmful to the skin and is the main cause of sunburn;
excessive exposure can also cause genetic damage, resulting in
problems such as skin cancer. The ozone layer is very effective at
screening out UV-B, nevertheless, some UV-B reaches the surface.
Most UV-A reaches the surface; this radiation is significantly less
harmful, although it can potentially cause genetic damage.
Question 52
How would Earth's surface
temperature be affected if
there were no greenhouse
effect?
A. Earth's average surface
temperature would
increase.
B. Earth's average surface
temperature would
The greenhouse effect is natural
decrease.
Heating of Earth’s surface caused by the
C. Earth's average surface
retention of heat by certain atmospheric
temperature would not be
gases.
affected.
– Without the greenhouse effect our planet
D. none of the above
would be cold.
– A marked increase in the greenhouse effect
might cause our planet to be hot.
Oceanography
53-74
Question 53
How does the Coriolis effect
make ocean currents
appear to move in the
northern hemisphere?
A. back and forth
B. in a curved path
C. Clockwise
D. against the Earth’s
rotation
E. Counter clock wise
The oceans contain closed
circular current systems,
called gyres.
The Coriolis effect
• Results from Earth’s
rotation.
• Large bodies of moving
particles such as air and
water are deflected to the
right in the northern
hemisphere, left in the
s.hemisphere.
http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php
?video_id=195342
Question 54
How are deep currents
different from surface
currents?
A. they are warmer and
faster
B. they are caused by winds
C. they are denser and
slower
D. some are colder than
others
E. Move from the tropics to
the poles
– As sea ice forms, most salt
is forced out of the freezing
water.
– The cold water around the
ice becomes saltier and
denser and sinks
– Cold water moves toward
the equator along the
ocean floor
Question 55
What happens to the
water that is left behind
after evaporation?
a. it gets hotter
b. it gets less dense
c. It moves faster to stay
warm
d. its salinity increases
e. Its salinity decreases
When water evaporates it
leaves behind the same
amount of salt but now
less water to dilute it.
The water at the surface
then becomes higher in
salinity and the process
repeats.
Question 56 and 57
With sonar, sound impulses bounce
off the ocean floor. The longer it
takes sound to return to a ship…?
A. the louder the sound becomes
B. the weaker the sound becomes
C. the closer the ocean floor is in
that spot
D. the deeper the ocean floor is in
that spot
E. Its more likely they’re absorbed
into the mud.
The word "sonar" is an abbreviation
for "SOund, NAvigation, and
Ranging". It was developed as a
means of tracking enemy
submarines during World War II.
In the simplest terms, a sound wave
is sent into the water. When this
wave strikes an object, it
rebounds. Since the speed of
sound in water is constant
(approximately 4800 feet per
second), the time lapse between
the transmitted signal and the
received echo can be measured
and the distance to the object
determined.
Question 58
Where would the
temperature of the ocean
probably be lowest?
A. near the poles in winter
B. near the equator fall
C. near the poles in
summer
D. near the equator in
winter
E. Near the poles in fall
• The temperature of ocean
waters gets colder the
closer you get to the
poles due to the Earth’s
axis title and the amount
of sunlight received.
• The ocean also get’s
colder with depth.
Sunlight is quickly
absorbed by water and
little heating takes place
in deep waters.
Question 59 and 60
Surface currents are caused by…?
a. Floods
b. warm water
c. the wind
d. the equator
e. salinity differences
Wind-driven surface currents affect
the upper few hundred meters of
the ocean.
Upwelling occurs when winds push
surface water aside and the
surface water is replaced by cold,
deep water.
The curved paths of global winds and
surface currents are caused by…?
a. the rotation of the Earth
b. the Coriolis effect
c. warm air near the equator
d. continental deflection
e. The gravitation pull of the
moon.
Continued next slide
Question 60 continued
Question 61
The Gulf Stream Current moves
warm water from…?
a. Peru to Polynesia
b. higher to lower latitudes
c. lower to higher latitudes
d. east to west
e. Greenland to Mexico
The Gulf Stream, is a powerful,
warm, and swift Atlantic ocean
current that originates at the
tip of Florida, and follows the
eastern coastline of the United
States before crossing the
Atlantic Ocean.
The Gulf Stream influences the
climate of the east coast of
North America and the west
coast of Europe. The climate of
Europe is warmer than it
would otherwise be due to the
North Atlantic drift
Question 62
As energy moves in waves Water in a wave moves in
through the water, the
a circular motion; It
water moves….?
does not move
forward.
a. in waves toward shore
b. in a small vertical circle
c. in the direction of the
waves
d. against the current
e. Vibrating up and down
Question 63
When deep water waves
reach water shallower
than one-half of their
wavelength, they
a. reverse their flow
b. enter the breaker zone
c. decrease in height
d. increase in height
e. bend away from
shallow areas
• When waves reach
shallow water, friction
with the bottom slows
them, and they break.
• Breaker - collapsing
wave that forms when a
wave reaches shallow
water.
Question 64
Why do waves increase in height as
they approach the shore…?
a. the waves are forced into
narrow inlets of land
b. the water particles speed up as
they approach land
c. the water’s density decreases
because it’s warmer near the
shore
d. the waves begin to interact with
the ocean floor
e. The moon’s gravity has more of
an effect on waves near the
shore.
• The swells slow down as the
water beneath them gets
shallower. As a result, the waves
get closer together, much the way
a line of cars will get closer
together if the car in front starts
to slow down.
• The leading edge of the swell
becomes increasingly vertical as it
slows while the trailing edge
continues to look like a rounded
slope.
• The waves get taller as the solid
surface under them and the
waves' energy pushes the water
upwards.
Question 65-68
What is the highest point, the
lowest point, and the
distance between crests?
A. Trough, crest, wave height.
B. Crest, trough, wave length.
C. Trough, crest, wave
length.
D. Crest, trough, wave height
E. Wave height, Wave length,
Trough
Question 69
The movement of water that parallels
the shore within the surf zone is
called
A. tidal current
B. salinity current
C. beach drift
D. longshore current
•
•
•
Longshore drift, sometimes known as
longshore current, is the movement
of sediments, most often sand, along
a coast parallel to its shoreline.
Waves approaching the shore break
in a region called the surf zone. They
carry sediment up the shore in a
white, frothy surge called the swash,
and down again in the backwash.
When the swash approaches the
shore at an angle, it will carry and
deposit sediment both up and along
the beach, but the backwash, acting
under gravity, will always carry and
deposit its sediment perpendicular to
the shoreline. This produces a zig-zag
movement of sediment along the
beach known as longshore drift.
Question 70
Wave impact and pressure
cause
A. deposition
B. tides
C. erosion
D. refraction
• The onshore current or
Swash is the water that
washes up on shore after an
incoming wave has broken.
This action will cause sand
and other light particles to
be transported up the
beach.
• Where waves are strong,
the coast will be eroded and
sediment carried away and
where they are weak
sediment will be deposited.
Question 71
A ridge of sand projecting
into a bay and often
having a hooked end is
a…?
a. Spit
b. Jetty
c. sea stack
d. groin
e. tombolo
A spit is a narrow bank of
sand that projects into
the water from a bend
in the coastline.
Question 72
Which of the following
decreases beach erosion
without the construction
of protective structures?
a. Seawall
b. beach nourishment
c. Groin
d. breakwater
e. jetty
• One way to repair the
damage cause by beach
erosion without building
protective structures is
through Beach
Nourishment
• Beach Nourishment is
when new sand is
imported (brought into)
either by truck and inland
sources or dredged
(pumped up from the
ocean bottom).
Question 73 and 74
Which of the following is designed to
prevent or slow shoreline
erosion?
A. Groin
B. beach nourishment
C. Seawall
D. Breakwater
E. All of the above
Which of the above structures is
built to protect boats from large
breaking waves?
Seawalls are built protect beachfront
properties from powerful storm
waves by reflecting the energy of
such waves back towards the
beach.
Groins are wall-like structures built
into the water perpendicular to
the shoreline for the purpose of
trapping beach sand.
Jetties are walls of concrete built to
protect a harbor entrance from
drifting sand.
Breakwaters are built in the water
parallel to straight shorelines to
provide anchorages for small
boats.