Transcript MARINE PROCESSES

MARINE PROCESSES
Chapters 13 & 15
Test 1 Material
End
OCEANOGRAPHY
• STUDY OF ALL ASPECTS OF THE
WORLD OCEAN
• OCEAN MAKES UP 71% OF TOTAL
EARTH SURFACE
• AVERAGE DEPTH OF OCEAN IS
ABOUT 12,500 FEET
Oceans
SALINITY
• PROPORTION OF DISSOLVED SALTS
TO PURE WATER
• EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER
THOUSAND
• THE AVERAGE OCEAN SALINITY IS
35 PARTS PER THOUSAND
SEA SALTS
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SODIUM CHLORIDE
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
SODIUM SULFATE
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
SODIUM BICARBONATE
HYDROGEN BORATE, STRONTIUM
CHLORIDE, & SODIUM FLUORIDE
SOURCES FOR SEA SALTS
• CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF ROCKS
• EARTH’S INTERIOR BY OUTGASSING
• DESALINATION - REMOVING SALTS
TO GET FRESH WATER
3 LAYERS OF OCEAN BASED
ON TEMPERATURE-SALINITY
• SURFACE MIXED ZONE - WARMEST
TEMPS
• TRANSITION ZONE
• DEEP ZONE - WHERE TEMPS ARE NOT
MUCH ABOVE FREEZING
MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR
• ECHO SOUNDER - SONAR
• VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVES IN
WATER IS ABOUT 1500 METERS PER
SECOND. DIVIDE TOTAL TIME BY 2
TO CALCULATE DEPTH
• 10 seconds X 1500 meters = 15,000/2 =
7,500 meters deep
3 MAJOR UNITS OF OCEAN
TOPOGRAPHY
• CONTINENTAL MARGINS
• DEEP-OCEAN BASINS
• MID-OCEAN RIDGES
CONTINENTAL MARGIN
TYPES
• PASSIVE - NOT ASSOCIATED WITH
PLATE BOUNDARIES - CONTINENTAL
SHELF, CONTINENTAL SLOPE,
CONTINENTAL RISE, DEEP SEA FAN
• ACTIVE - SUBDUCTION ZONES, VERY
LITTLE CONTINENTAL SHELF
PASSIVE MARGIN
ACTIVE MARGIN
OCEAN BASIN FLOOR
• DEEP-OCEAN TRENCHES
• ABYSSAL PLAINS
• SEAMOUNTS
MID-OCEAN RIDGES
• MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE SYSTEM
• RIFT VALLEYS
ESTUARIES
• PARTIALLY ENCLOSED COASTAL
WATER BODY THAT IS CONNECTED
TO THE OCEAN
• GREAT BIODIVERSITY
THE LITTORAL ZONE
• COASTAL ENVIRONMENT FROM
HIGHEST WATER LINE ONSHORE TO
THE SEA WHERE STORM WAVES CAN
NO LONGER MOVE SEDIMENT DUE
TO OCEAN DEPTH (200 FEET)
The littoral zone
MEAN SEA LEVEL
• AVERAGE TIDAL LEVELS RECORDED
HOURLY AT A GIVEN SITE OVER
MANY YEARS
• EUSTATIC CHANGES (CHANGE IN
AMOUNT OF TOTAL WATER)
• TECTONIC CHANGES (CHANGE DUE
TO RISE OR FALL OF LAND)
SEA MOTIONS
• WAVES
• CURRENTS
• TIDES
WAVES
• ROUGHEN THE
WATER SURFACE
CURRENTS
• COLD AND WARM
WATER STREAMS
THAT FLOW
FASTER THAN THE
SURFACE WATER
TIDES
• DAILY RISE AND FALL OF THE SEA
SURFACE
HOW ARE TIDES PRODUCED?
• GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION OF
THE SUN AND MOON
• CENTRIFUGAL FORCE OF THE
EARTH/MOON SYSTEM AS IT
REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN
TYPES OF TIDES
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EBB TIDE
FLOOD TIDE
TIDAL RANGE
SPRING TIDE - GREATEST TIDAL
RANGE
• NEAP TIDE - LEAST TIDAL RANGE
• TIDAL BORE ON BAY OF FUNDY 70
FEET TIDAL RANGE
WAVE ANATOMY
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CREST
TROUGH
HEIGHT
LENGTH
PERIOD
FORCED WAVES
• CREATED BY WIND
• SIZE OF THE WAVE HEIGHT IS
RELATED TO THE SPEED OF THE
WIND
SEISMIC WAVES
• TSUNAMI
• CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES,
LANDSLIDES, VOLCANOES
• OPEN SEA HAVE HEIGHT OF 3 FEET
BUT LENGTH OF 60 MILES
• SPEEDS UP TO 500 MPH
TSUNAMI
WAVE REFRACTION
• MOST WAVES APPROACH
SHORELINE AT AN ANGLE. AS THEY
NEAR SHALLOW WATER THEY BEND
AND BECOME PARALLEL TO THE
SHORE
HEADLAND
• HEAD OF LAND EXTENDING
OUTWARD FROM SHORE
• FIRST LANDFORM FEATURE TO
ERRODE
LONGSHORE CURRENT
• PRODUCED BY WAVE REFRACTION
• RUNS PARALLEL TO SHORELINE
WAVE BREAK
• INCOMING WAVES DECREASE IN
LENGTH AND INCREASE IN HEIGHT
• AS HEIGHT INCREASES THE SPEED
DECREASES
• WAVES REACH A BREAKING POINT
AND COLLAPSE DUE TO LACK OF
SUPPORT FROM WATER BELOW
TYPES OF BREAKERS
• COLLAPSING (MASS OF FOAM)
• SPILLING (GRADUAL DOWNWARD
SLIDE)
• PLUNGING (CREST SHOOTS
FORWARD) - SURFER’S WAVE DUDE!
COASTAL EROSION
• SEA CLIFFS FORMED BY
UNDERCUTTING OF SEA
• WAVE-CUT PLATFORM IS A
HORIZONTAL BENCH EXTENDING
FROM CLIFF OUT TO SEA
• SEA CAVE
• SEA ARCH & SEA STACK
Coastal erosion
SEA CLIFF
SEA CAVE
SEA STACK
DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES
• MOST MATERIAL ALONG BEACHES
COMES FROM RIVERS AND STREAMS
FLOWING INTO SEA. THE
LONGSHORE CURRENT TAKES THIS
MATERIAL AND DEPOSITS IT ALONG
THE SHORELINE
DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
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SPIT
BAYMOUTH BAR
TOMBOLO
BARRIER ISLAND
BARRIER ISLANDS
• SPITS SEVERED FROM MAINLAND
• SAND PILED UP DURING STORM
• SAND DUNE REMAINS WHEN SEA
LEVEL WAS LOWER
MAN’S ATTEMPT TO
CONTROL EROSION
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JETTY
GROIN
BREAKWATER
SEAWALL
BEACH NOURISHMENT - VIRGINIA
BEACH 30,000 TRUCK LOADS OF
SAND
JETTIES
JETTY
GROIN
HARBOR - BREAKWATER
SEAWALL
BEACH FILL - NOURISHMENT
CORAL REEF COASTS
• CORAL ARE SIMPLE MARINE
ANIMALS WITH A SMALL SAC-LIKE
BODY
• SECRETE CALCIUM CARBONATE
• NEED LIGHT SO YOU NEVER FIND
THEM BELOW A DEPTH OF 150-180
FEET BELOW SEA LEVEL
CORAL
• NEED WATER TEMPERATURES
ABOVE 65 DEGREES F
• NEED CLEAR WATER
• LIVE SYMBIOTICALLY WITH SIMPLE
ALGAE
LONELY PLANET PHOTO
TYPES OF CORAL REEFS
• FRINGING REEF
• BARRIER REEF
• ATOLL
ATOLLS
TEST REVIEW
• HOW WILL YOU DO ON THE EXAM?
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF
MOTION DEALT WITH:
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GRAVITY
KINETIC ENERGY
INERTIA
NONE OF THESE
CORRECT RESPONSE ?
INERTIA
SEA SALT SOURCES INCLUDE
ALL BUT?
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CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF ROCKS
EARTH’S INTERIOR OUTGASSING
TRANSPIRATION OF OCEAN PLANTS
ALL OF THESE
CORRECT RESPONSE
TRANSPIRATION OF OCEAN PLANTS
RIDGE OF SAND THAT
CONNECTS ISLAND/ LAND
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SPIT
BAYMOUTH BAR
TOMBOLO
BARRIER ISLAND
CORRECT RESPONSE?
TOMBOLO
EUSTATIC CHANGE IN SEA
LEVEL IS DUE TO?
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RISING LAND
FALLING LAND
CHANGE IN TOTAL AMOUNT WATER
NONE OF THESE
CORRECT RESPONSE
CHANGE IN TOTAL AMOUNT OF
WATER
MODERN SCIENTIFIC STUDY
OF THE UNIVERSE IS ?
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COSMOGRAPHY
ASTROLOGY
ASTRONOMY
METEOROLOGY
CORRECT RESPONSE?
ASTRONOMY
FIRST PERSON TO MEASURE
SIZE OF THE EARTH WAS?
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ARISTARCHUS
ERASTOTHENES
HIPPARCHUS
PTOLEMY
CORRECT RESPONSE?
ERASTOTHENES
WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF
JOVIAN PLANETS?
• THEY ARE THE GIANT PLANETS
• HAVE THICK ATMOSPHERES
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DENSE ROCKY
METALLIC MINERALS
• MORE MOONS THAN TERRESTRIALS’
• CORRECT RESPONSE?
• DENSE ROCKY METALLIC MINERALS
NOT A MAJOR UNIT OF
OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY?
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CONTINENTAL MARGINS
TRANSITION ZONE
DEEP-OCEAN BASINS
MID-OCEAN RIDGES
CORRECT RESPONSE?
TRANSITION ZONE
WAVES BECOME PARALLEL
TO THE SHORE DUE TO?
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WAVE CREST
WAVE TROUGH
WAVE PERIOD
WAVE REFRACTION
CORRECT RESPONSE?
WAVE REFRACTION