Transcript CBR 107 – Presentation

CBR 107:
How to do a Literature Review
Welcome & Introductions
Name & affiliation
Experience with CBR & Literature Reviews
What you specifically want to learn today
Workshop Objectives
Upon completion of this workshop you will be able to:
Explain the value and purpose of a literature review
Describe the steps involved in doing a Literature Review
Identify the sources of CBR “literature”
Use various techniques to conduct an efficient & concise
search
Synthesize your findings to produce a report / literature
review
Agenda
Opening / Intro / Administrivia
Value and purpose of a Literature Review
Steps involved in a Literature Review
Qualities of a Good Literature Review
Where to Get Help
Simulation
Summary / Wrap-Up
Things We Will Not Cover
Types of Literature Review
Non-Internet based searches
Pros and Cons of Internet Search engines
Reliability, Credibility, Trustworthiness of data
Peer review
What is a Literature Review?
A Literature Review is a way to:
Compare studies and know “what’s out there” on a specific
topic
Analytically examine existing body of research
Identify an article that documents a particular fact
Bring order to an abundance of information spread across too
many places
Why do a Literature Review for CBR?
Support and justify grant proposals, new programs,
interventions, evaluations, presentations, staff
development
Give your work credibility
Put your work in context and know what work others have
done
Discover ‘best practices’ & ‘worst nightmares’
Fulfill intellectual and personal curiosities
Steps in a Literature Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Establish research focus
Identify where to search
Select appropriate search terms
Use ‘operators’ and ‘wildcards’
Organize research history
Determine relevant literature
Analyze, Synthesize and Summarize
evidence into a report
Step 1: Establish Research Focus
What do you need or want to know?
How will this data help your CBR project?
IMPORTANT ….
•
Keep your topic specific and focused
•
Be prepared to revise it along the way based on
what you discover in the literature
Exercise 1
Working in small groups, discuss the research topics below
and answer the following questions for each topic:
1. Would you revise this topic?
2. Why or why not? If yes, how?
Research Topics
Homeless youth
Treatment for youth in short-term care facilities in Ottawa
Homeless adolescent girls in Canada
Emotional distress and mental health service use among urban homeless
adolescents.
Step 2a: Identify Where to Search
Academic Literature
 Books, scholarly journal articles
 Dissertations
Government documents
Policy reports
Grey Literature
Papers published by professional societies
 Internet search engines: Google.ca or Yahoo.ca
 Online databases: PsychInfo, Social Service
Abstracts, Medline, ERIC, etc.
Step 2b: Identify Relevant Search Engines
Why?
To save time and stay focused.
Sample sources:
For medical topics, try MedLine
For social service topics, try Social Service Abstracts, Social
Work Abstracts, PsychInfo, or ProQuest
For education topics, try (ERIC)
Step 2c: Secure Database Access
Certain publications are not readily accessible to the public
To secure access to databases you need:
1. To establish a partnership with a university that has
access to the database
OR
2. Pay a database search fee
Step 3: Select Appropriate Search Terms
A search term is a term used to find information on your topic
Search terms can include:
• Key words
Example: For a literature review on
“ Adolescent Female Body Image”
possible key words may include: teenage, media, media
effects, bulimia, anorexia, self esteem …… others???
• Author
• Title
• Journal or publication
• Other descriptors
Where to Find Key Words
Reference Books
Abstracts
Scientific journals
Government reports
Electronic databases
Focusing Your Key Words
Be specific .… expect numerous results!
Example:
refugee mental health
(189,000 items)
refugee mental health reports
(138,000 items)
refugee mental health reports Canada
(55,000 items)
refugee mental health research reports Canada
(43,000 items)
refugee mental health research reports Canada 2003
(19,500 items)
refugee mental health research reports Toronto 2003
(6,440 items)
Exercise 2: Key Words
You have been asked to design a health and counselling
program for people who present symptoms of obesity.
Your search question is:
“What are the determinants and treatments for
children and adults who are obese?”
What Search Engines and / or databases would you use?
Working individually, list 10 key words to search
information on the “determinants and treatments” for
children and adults who are obese.
Share your answers with your group.
Step 4: Using ‘Operators’ & ‘Wildcards’
‘Wildcards’ are symbols that expand the scope of your
search
 e.g. (*) patent* -- retrieves patent, patents,
patentable, patented
‘Operators’ define the relationships between words or
groups of words
Note:
Operators and wildcards vary by search engine to check each database’s Help section
Examples of ‘Operators’
Sample operators:
Use AND to narrow search and retrieve records containing all
of the words it separates.
Use OR to broaden search and retrieve records containing
any of the words it separates.
Use NOT to narrow search and retrieve records that do not
contain the term following it.
Use ( ) to select a phrase or groups of words
- Phrase - (participatory action research)
- Groups of words – (housing or homelessness) AND
(budget or funding)
Exercise 3: Operators & Wildcards
Working in your groups come up with a total
of 6 operators and 2 wildcards using the
search terms you came up with for the topic
of “children and adults with obesity”
Step 5: Organizing Your Research
Document your search process:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Keep record of all materials examined
Keep a record of all Web searches
Set a bookmark of the Universal Resource Locator(URL)
for commonly used web sites
Record key words used for electronic searches
Print home pages of the web sites
Photocopy journal articles, book chapters and other
materials
Organize information using a “Review Matrix”
Example of a Review Matrix
Author, Title, Year of
Journal
Publication
Purpose
Type of Study
Design
Journal article
2004
Drug
Experimental
counselling for study
youth
Journal article
2006
Long-term
care for the
elderly
Cross-sectional
survey
What other categories could be included in a Review
Matrix?
Step 6: Determine Relevant Literature
To determine what is relevant literature:
 Check article abstracts for summaries of research design
and findings instead of reading entire article
 Consider type of measurement and analysis
 Consider contribution of the article/research to the field
 Does it help you know what to do or what not to do in your
study?
Exercise 4: Review of Abstract
Using the sample abstract entitled, “Shelter-based
palliative care for the homeless terminally ill”.
Review the abstract and answer the questions below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What were the issues discussed by the researchers?
What methods did they use?
What were the results?
Are there any missing or inadequate topics?
Sample Abstract
“Shelter-based palliative care for the homeless terminally ill”
Title: Author: Podymow, Tiinaa1; Turnbull, Jeffrey2; Coyle, Doug3
Source: Palliative Medicine. Vol. 20(2), Mar 2006, pp. 81-86
Descriptors: *Death and Dying *Health Care Delivery *Homeless *Palliative Care *Terminally Ill Patients Drug
Therapy Mortality Rate Patients
Abstract Background:
The homeless have high rates of mortality, but live in environments not conducive to terminal care. Traditional
palliative care hospitals may be reluctant to accept such patients, due to behavior or lifestyle concerns. The Ottawa
Inner City Health Project (OICHP) is a pilot study to improve health care delivery to homeless adults. This is a
retrospective analysis of a cohort of terminally ill homeless individuals and the effectiveness of shelter-based
palliative care. As proof of principle, a cost comparison was performed. Methods: 28 consecutive homeless terminally
ill patients were admitted and died at a shelter-based palliative care hospice. Demographics, diagnoses at admission
and course were recorded. Burden of illness was assessed by medical and psychiatric diagnoses, addictions,
Karnofsky scale and symptom management. An expert panel was convened to identify alternate care locations. Using
standard costing scales, direct versus alternate care costs were compared. Results: 28 patients had a mean age 49
years; average length of stay 120 days. Diagnoses: liver disease 43%, HIV/AIDS 25%, malignancy 25% and other
8%. Addiction to drugs or alcohol and mental illness in 82% of patients. Karnofsky performance score mean 40 ±
16.8. Pain management with continuous opiates in 71%. The majority reunited with family. Compared to alternate
care locations, the hospice projected $1.39 million savings for the patients described. Conclusion: The homeless
terminally ill have a heavy burden of disease including physical illness, psychiatric conditions and addictions. Shelterbased palliative care can provide effective end-of-life care to terminally ill homeless individuals at potentially
substantial cost savings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)
Step 7: Analyze, Synthesize & Summarize Evidence
into a Report
Briefly summarize findings
Synthesize literature by identifying common themes
Differentiate b/w what is “known” and “not known”
Identify topics of debate
Evaluate and analyze findings
Identify relevance of data to your research project
Remember:
Reference all citations & create a bibliography
Ways to Structure Your Review
Chronological
Topical or thematic organization
Inverted pyramid organization (broad to narrow)
What is a Good Literature Review?
A good literature review:
Includes a clear research question or purpose
Makes an argument for the necessity of your research and/or
service, program, etc.
Explains methods and theories if review is to be used for a
larger study or program
Describes search methodology
- databases, search terms, etc.
Is thorough (include classic studies and a range of literature,
not just studies that make your point)
Is well-organized, clear and concise
Final Tip!
Last but not least…
Get help when you need it...
Librarians are an excellent & amazing resource:
 University, hospital and public health librarians
 Reference librarians at public libraries
 Large Community Based Organizations (CBOs) often
have libraries and resource centres with helpful staff
Exercise 5- Sample Literature Review
Working individually read the
Sample Lit Review
Highlight or take notes on
the main points of the
assigned ‘reading’
sections
Take note of the structure of
the assigned ‘skimming’
sections
Read & Highlight
Main Points
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Background
concerning sibling
relationships
3. Methods for
literature review
5.3-5.4.
Implications of this
review of the
literature for
practice & research
Skim
4. Research concerning
siblings in foster care
and adoption 5-5.2.
Implications for child
welfare practice,
policy, and research
Appendix A.
Summary of studies
of siblings placed in
foster care and
adoption
Exercise 5- Sample Literature Review Cont’d …
Once previous steps are complete, work in small groups to
answer the following questions for your ‘assigned section’ *.
Be prepared to present your findings to the class.
1. How is your section organized?
2. What are the key points?
3. How does it fit in with the rest of the
literature review?
4. Was it clear and understandable?
5. Other thoughts about it?
* Facilitator will assign section to each group
Debrief of the Literature Review
What did you think of the literature review overall?
Any surprises?
What are its strengths? What could be improved?
In what ways do you think your own literature review would
be similar or different from this one?
Review of Workshop Objectives
Upon completion of this workshop you will be able to:
Explain the value and purpose of a literature review
Describe the steps involved in doing a Literature Review
Identify the sources of CBR “literature”
Use various techniques to conduct an efficient & concise
search
Synthesize your findings to produce a report / literature
review
Workshop Evaluation
Your feedback is extremely important.
Please complete the workshop evaluation.
Thank you!
CBR 107:
How to do a Literature Review