Transcript Slide 1

Aggregating and Disaggregating
Data at a neighbourhood level in
Sunderland and Birmingham:
Crime and Community Cohesion
Alan Middleton
The Governance foundation
Two Research Projects
• The Social Impact of Large-scale Housing
Investment in Sunderland
• Aggregating from Output Areas to Neighbourhoods
(Housing Management Areas)
• Community Cohesion in Handsworth and
Lozells, Birmingham
– Disaggregating from Wards to
Neighbourhoods
The Social Impact of Large-scale
Housing Investment in Sunderland
• Longitudinal Study: First Phase
• To measure the social and economic impact of
housing investment in Sunderland, looking at:
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Housing management issues
Employment & unemployment
Community safety
Levels of education and skills
Poor health
• Develop a methodology that can be used by
other organisations
An Outcome
•
The development of a model that uses primary
and secondary data to link indicators such as
the social, economic and ethnic make-up of
households with spatial statistics relating to
education, housing, health, crime and
employment.
Issues
1. The Problem of Evidence
2. Overcoming the problem
3. Community Cohesion
4. Satisfaction with Homes and the Environment
5. Vulnerable Groups
The Policy Context
• The National Context: Sustainable
Communities, Cohesive Communities
and Evidence-based Policy
The Problem of Evidence 1
• Issues with the Collection of Secondary
Data for Neighbourhood Analysis in
Sunderland
• Spatial Units and Neighbourhood Activity
• Collection of Data from Gentoo
• Socio-Economic Data and Census Data
– Neighbourhood Statistics
• Health Data
• Crime Data
• Education Data
Overcoming the Problem of
Evidence
• Social and Economic Indicators
– Key Facts
– Spatial Units and Secondary Social and
Economic Data
• The Use of Indices of Multiple Deprivation
• Housing, Health and Social Services for an
Aging Population
– Overcoming Secondary Data Problems
– How the model would work
Satisfaction with Homes and
Environment
• Overall satisfaction levels in
Sunderland
• Satisfaction Analysis for Selected
Estates
Vulnerable Groups
• Satisfaction with Properties
• Perceptions of Local Neighbourhoods and
Areas.
• Community Facilities & Activities
• Community Interaction and Relations
• Satisfaction with Gentoo and Key Agency
Services
• Excellent Customer Status
• Views of Young Black and Minority Ethnic
People
2006 Local Government White
Paper
• a responsibility on councils to provide strategic and
political leadership and involve the full range of
stakeholders in developing and delivering a shared
vision for their area
• all key local partners working together to address the
risks and challenges facing the areas, using their
combined resources to best effect
• involving and empowering communities,
acknowledging that services will be improved and
communities strengthened only if local people are
effectively engaged and empowered, as individuals and
through organisations representing them
• through elected local government, wider and stronger
local accountability for public services and local
outcomes, rebuilding trust between citizen and the state.
Creating Strong, Safe and
Prosperous Communities
• Councils to provide strategic
leadership
• Involving and empowering
communities
• Local partners working together
• Stronger local accountability for public
services
Commission on Integration and
Cohesion
Cohesion is about:
• ‘How we all get on and secure benefits
that are mutually desirable for our
communities and ourselves’.
• Addressing multiple issues at the same
time
• Multiple local action and the fair allocation
of public services
Evidence-based policy
• ‘Putting the best available evidence from
research at the heart of policy
development and implementation’.
For local inter-agency collaboration in
support of sustainable, empowered and
cohesive communities:
• What would constitute evidence?
• What evidence is needed to evaluate
policy outcomes?
• What spatial scale is appropriate for
collation and analysis?
• Whose responsibility is it to gather and
evaluate this information?
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Regional Economic Strategy
Regional Spatial Strategy
Regional Spatial Strategy
City Housing Strategy
Lack of clarity about definitions, evidence
and responsibilities
Region-City-Community
• The regional authorities think that
implementing, monitoring and evaluating
community-based strategies are the
responsibility of ‘sub-regional’ authorities
• City authorities think they are the
responsibility of non-statutory partnerships
Secondary data and Neighbourhood
Analysis
• National
– Lack of leadership on evidence for neighbourhood
policy
• Not technologies and techniques for spatial analysis
• Not the indicators of quality of life
• Regional and local
– Lack of coherence between administrative and spatial
boundaries
– Low priority given to gathering and using
neighbourhood statistics
– Different spatial units of analysis
– Failure to share information
CLG Data for Neighbourhood
Renewal (excl Census & IMD)
Total P&SD Sources and Spatial Units
• Population
89
6
LSOA; MSOA
• Deprivation
87
5
All DWP LSOA (2004 only)
• Employment
155
36
16 DWP LSOA; 18 ONS MSOA
• Education
177
5
1998 WARD; 2003 WARD; 3LSOA
• Health
197
3
2DWP; 2003 ward
• Housing
69
4
OA; Postcode; 2003 ward; MSOA
• Crime
83
2
LSOA; MSOA
• Liveability
82
13
11 MSOA; 2003 ward; 1 LSOA
• Diversity
65
5
3 DWP LSOA; 2 MSOA
• Disability
43
3
All DWP LSOA
• Children
193
7
1998 ward; 2003 w.; 4LSOA; MSOA
• Older People
50
2
All DWP LSOA
All DWP LSOA data available for 2004 only; otherwise 2003 wards
Selected Regional and Local Issues
• Ward boundaries changed in 2004 but at the beginning of the
project, most authorities still appeared to be using old ward
boundaries for analysis.
• The ward boundaries are, in any case, too crude for our
purposes. Meaningful housing management areas, like estates,
often lie across ward boundaries.
• Census data was gathered on the basis of enumeration district
(EDs) before 2001. Some authorities did not change to OAs
until later.
• Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) are not co-terminus with
housing management areas and they cannot be aggregated up
to allow a fit with housing management information.
• The basic unit of analysis in the Census changed from
enumeration districts in 1991 to Output Areas (OAs) in 2001.
The Output Area boundaries and aggregated data for Super
Output Areas (SOAs) are not co-terminus with 2004 wards.
• Census data, gathered in 2001, is not only already seven years
out of date but is also presented in terms of 1982 wards by
some agencies
Secondary Data:
• Different spatial units of analysis for
different purposes
• No central control over geographies
• Uneven commitment to gathering data
• Not using data that is gathered
• Difficulty for evidence-based resource
allocation
IMD and inter-agency collaboration
• Neighbourhoods
– Most of the LSOAs cover more than one
neighbourhood
• Management Areas
– In the 11 most deprived parts of Sunderland:
• two of the LSOAs involve four Gentoo
Management Areas
• a further four LSOAs cover three Management
Areas.
Sunderland geographies
Birmingham Geographies
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City
Perry Barr Constituency
2001 ward (Handsworth)
2004 Ward (Lozells and East Handsworth)
Urban Living (Housing Market Renewal)
Neighbourhood Management Areas (four
neighbourhoods that do not correspond to
any of the above)
• Popular perceptions
Community Cohesion in
Birmingham
• 2005 Disturbances in Handsworth/Lozells
• 2008 Ward data on cohesion
• 2008 neighbourhood data on cohesion
Evidence and Inter-agency
Collaboration
• Crime and community safety data exists,
and it can be aggregated to management
boundaries and estates
• Education data exists, but it is not even
made available to other departments
within SCC [cf Birmingham]
• Health data does not currently exist at the
levels needed for collaborative working
Reminder
• If policy is about creating cohesive and
sustainable communities through interprofessional working:
– How will organisations allocate resources to
areas where joint working is needed?
– How will we monitor and evaluate the
outcomes?
Housing, Health and Social
Services for an Ageing Population
• NHS based on prevention
• Implies integration with other providers of
services
• Increasingly in communities that are living
longer
• Increasing need to share information
• Little indication as to how this will be done
in practice
Housing, Health and Social
Services for an Ageing Population
• Front-line professional in all three services will know where most of
the elderly live and will interact with them as cases become known
to them
• This information does not always rise up the information hierarchy of
complex organisations, to reach the levels where decisions about
resources are being made.
• There is a strategic issue about how the limited resources of
organisations get distributed. Front-line professional will also be in
competition for these resources and often it will be those who make
themselves heard who will gain access to them.
• There is also a strategic issues about how the different organisation
work together to deal with different aspects of the needs of the
elderly.
• In order to tackle these strategic issues, reliable information needs
to be available to the key decision-makers.
The Next Stage
• Data from an out-of-date Census will
become useful again in three years time
• Changing social and economic profiles on
12 Estates in Sunderland and Handsworth
and Lozells
• Census information linked to n’hoods and
housing management areas
• Model linking postcodes, neighbourhoods,
OAs, LSOAs, management areas, 2004
wards, renewal areas, new build areas
The Governance foundation
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Contact:
Alan Middleton at:
[email protected]
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www.governancefoundation.org
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