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African Americans Seek Greater Equality Northern Segregation De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North (Segregation still occurs although not permissible by law).

De jure segregation is segregation required by law

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1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances Black unemployment twice as high as white Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police officers Urban Violence Erupts

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Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians and many result in riots Many whites baffled by African-American rage Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education Money for War on Poverty, Great Society redirected to Vietnam War New Leaders Voice Discontent and African-Americans show Solidarity Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites and believe whites are the source of black problems Malcolm X—controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity, urges blacks to separate from white society He frightens whites, moderate blacks; and is resented by other Black Muslims Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites Malcolm X is killed in 1965 while giving speech

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Malcolm X

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Black Power CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power: African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites

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Chapter 20 Section 3

Black Panthers Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support 1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights King’s Death King objects to Black Power movement, preaching of violence Seems to sense own death in Memphis speech to striking workers Is shot, dies the following day, April 4, 1968

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Black Panthers

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Martin Luther King’s assasination

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Reactions to King’s Death King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S. history Over 100 cities affected Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later

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Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement Causes of Violence Kerner Commission names racism as main cause of urban violence Civil Rights Gains Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in housing More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs

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More African-American participation in movies, television Increased voter registration results in more black elected officials Unfinished Work Forced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots reduce white support White flight reverses much progress toward school integration

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Unemployment, poverty higher than for whites Affirmative action—extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups 1960s, colleges, companies doing government business adopt policy Late 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse discrimination

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Chapter 20 Section 3 Quiz

1.) What is segregation that happens by practice and not by law?

a.) De Facto Segregation b.) De Jure Segregation c.) Civil Rights Segregation

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6.) What year was Malcolm X assassinated?

a.) 1965 b.) 1963 c.) 1968

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2.) Where did a lot of the African Americans live in the ‘60’s?

_________________________________________

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7.) What was the group called that believed that African Americans should control their own lives, without help?

a.) X Generation b.) Black Panthers c.) Black Spiders 3.) What did Civil Rights legislation do for African Americans a.) It reduced the amount of discrimination they had to face b.) It eliminated the amount of discrimination they had to face c.) It did not change the amount of discrimination they had to face

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8.) Martin Luther King’s assassination was a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement?

a.) Very True b.) Somewhat True c.) Not True at all 4.) Name a controversial civil rights leader that believed in African Americans separating from the whites?

a.) Thurgood Marshall b.) Malcolm X c.) Martin Luther King Jr.

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9.) What did King’s death lead to?

a.) The worst rural rioting in U.S. history b.) An end to the Civil Rights movement c.) The worst urban rioting in U.S. history 5.) Martin Luther King agreed with Malcolm X?

a.) Very True b.) Not True c.) Somewhat true

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10.) In how many cities did rioting occur?

a.) Over 100 b.) Under 100 c.) Just in the South