Transcript Chesapeake Colonization - Ms. Stattenfield's History Page

“Model of Christian Charity” 3-2-1 HW
3—Characteristics you believe Winthrop’s society
would have
2—Vocabulary definitions you had to look up
1—Question you have after reading this source
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“Bell-ringer”
On scrap paper, list as many motives/reasons you
can think of (consider both “push” and “pull” factors)
for European exploration in the late 1400s . . .
Motives for European
Exploration
1. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
2. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
3. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
4. Technological advances.
5. Fame and fortune.
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Atlantic Explorations
The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
Impact of European
Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. New products introduced across the
continents [see next slide].
3. Deepened colonial rivalries.
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

Potato

Peanut

Tomato

Vanilla

Maize

Syphilis

Olive

Coffee Bean

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

Sugar Cane

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

Horse

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
New Spain
• Explored southern and western US
• Main goal was to prevent others from
establishing settlements/gaining access to
gold
• St. Augustine was the first permanent
European settlement.
• Conflict with Indians:
– Forced labor
– Imposition of
Christianity
– Pueblo Revolt
New France
• Quebec, was the
first permanent
French settlement
(1608)
• Became a fur
trading
enterprise.
• French Traders
brought disease
which devastated
Indian
populations.
•Native population and French engaged in
“beaver wars”, reducing the Iroquois population.
•French also tried to convert Indians, but did not
use Indians for forced labor.
New Netherland
• Dutch emerged as financial
and commercial center of
Europe.
• Colonization strategy
emphasized commerce over
religion.
• 1624 found New Amsterdam
on Manhattan Island.
• Established huge estates
along the Hudson River.
• Failed as a settler colony, but
successful in trading.
• Did not have a long term
plan/vision for New
Amsterdam—Eng. take over
1664.
Creation of an American Society,
1450—1765
Between 1607 and 1763,
British colonists developed
experience in—and the
expectation of—selfgovernment.
Roanoke & Joint Stock
Companies
Virginia
The Virginia Company of London
& Jamestown
Late 1606  VA Co.
established by King
James I; sends out 3
ships
Spring 1607  land at
mouth of Chesapeake
Bay.
 Attacked by Indians
and move on.
May 24, 1607  about 100
colonists [all men] land at
Jamestown, along banks of
James River
-Goal of V.C was trade not settlement.
-Easily defended, but swarming with diseasecausing mosquitoes.
The Jamestown Nightmare
1606-1607  40 people died on the voyage to the
New World.
1609  another ship from England lost its
leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.
“Gentlemen” colonists would not
work themselves.
 Game in forests & fish in river
uncaught.
Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of
hunting or farming.
Indian Conflicts arose as influx of settlers
occurred.
High Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000
immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5:
80%
Who saves the day??
Powhatan Confederacy
Chief Powhatan
Powhatan Confederacy
 Powhatan dominated a
few dozen small tribes
in the James River
area when the English
arrived.
 The English called all
Indians in the area
Powhatans.
 Powhatan probably saw
the English as allies in his struggles to
control other Indian tribes in the region.
Culture Clash in the
Chesapeake
1614-1622temporary peace between
Powhatans and the English thanks to
Pocahontas’ marriage to John Rolfe.
John Rolfe
What finally made the colony prosperous??
Tobacco Plant
Virginia’s gold and silver.
-- John Rolfe, 1612
Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”
Demand for tobacco created an
economic boom in the Chesapeake
area ( MD)
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s
economy:
 Vital role in putting VA on a firm
economic footing.
 Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the
plantation system.
 Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Indentured Servitude
Headright System:
 Each Virginian got 50 acres for
each person whose passage they
paid.
Indenture Contract:
 5-7 years.
 Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
 Forbidden to marry.
 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their
indentured contracts!
Tobacco Plant insures
VA’s survival
Jamestown Housing
Jamestown Chapel, 1611
English Colonization
The Charter of the Virginia Company:
 Guaranteed to
colonists the same
rights as Englishmen
as if they had stayed
in England.
 This provision was
incorporated into
future colonists’
documents.
 Colonists felt that, even in the Americas,
they had the rights of Englishmen.
Why was 1619 a
pivotal year for
the Chesapeake
settlement?
Virginia House of Burgesses
The House of Burgesses
established in 1619 & began to
assume the role of the House
of Commons in England
 Control over finances, militia,
etc.
By the end of the 17c, H of B
was able to initiate legislation.
The Council:
 included mainly leading
planters.
 High death rates ensured
rapid turnover of members.
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in
1619.
 Their status was not clear  perhaps
slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
 Slavery not that important until the end of
the 17c.
Early
Tensions
Powhatan Uprising
of 1622
Culture Clash in the
Chesapeake
1622-1644  periodic attacks between
Indians and settlers.
 General mistrust grew because of different
cultures and languages & because English
continued to raid Indian food supplies.
 1622  Indians attacked the English, killing
347 [including John Rolfe].
 Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war”
against the Native Americans.
 English ultimately suppressed the rebellion.
 VA becomes Royal Colony (model)
Frustrated Freemen
Late 1600s  large numbers of
young, poor, discontented men in the
Chesapeake area.
 Little access to land or women for
marriage.
1670  The Virginia Assembly
disenfranchised most landless men!
Nathaniel Bacon’s
Rebellion: 1676
Led 1,000 Virginians in
a rebellion against
Governor Berkeley
Nathaniel
Bacon
Governor
William
Berkeley
 Rebels resented
Berkeley’s close
relations with Indians.
 Berkeley monopolized
the fur trade with
the Indians in the
area.
 Berkley refused to
retaliate for Indian
attacks on frontier
settlements.
Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were
friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
They burned the capital.
 Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
 Issue the Manifesto and Declaration of
the People demanding the removal of all
Indians
Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and
hanged 20 rebels.
Results of Bacon’s
Rebellion
It exposed resentments between
frontiersmen and landless former
servants against gentry on coastal
plantations.
 Socio-economic class
differences/clashes between rural and
urban communities would continue
throughout American history.
Upper class planters searched for
laborers less likely to rebel . . .
 BLACK SLAVES
English Migration: 1610-1660