By: Kristina Basian & Maritess Seng Period 3,4

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Chapter 2: The Planting of English America 1500-1733

I. England’s Imperial Stirrings

A. New World transformed 1. Native American population declines from disease 2. Tierra del Fuego to Hudson Bay: 10 percent Indians survive 3. Africans on Caribbean and Brazilian sugar plantations 4. Florida to New Mexico: grasp of Spain B. North America unexplored in 1600 1. Three Europeans powers plant outposts a. Spanish – Santa Fe 1610 b. French - Quebec – 1608 c. English – Jamestown – 1607 C. England competes with Spain 1500s D. Religious conflict in England 1. King Henry VIII breaks with Roman Catholic Church 2. Catholics vs. Protestants 3. Balance of power E. Protestantism becomes dominant in New England 1. Queen Elizabeth 1558 (protestant) F. Ireland uprising 1. Under rule of English 2. Ireland sought help from Catholic Spain 3. England crushes uprising 4. England takes Irish lands 5. English settlers develop hatred to “savage” a. “Savage” policy used in New World

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II. Elizabeth Energies England

A. English swarm shipping lands 1. Sought twin goals of Protestantism and seize Spanish ships 2. Francis Drake – “seadog” a. 1580 – plundered with Spanish booty b. Profits of $4,600 percent c. Elizabeth knights Drake B. Colonization attempts 1. Newfoundland a. First attempt at colonization b. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 2. Roanoke Island a. Sir Walter Raleigh and settlers b. Island mysteriously disappears 3. Spain vs. England a. Philip II of Spain makes “Invincible Armada” b. Spain invades English channel 1588 c. English defeated the Spanish Armada 4. England victory and development a. Marks red letter day in American history b. Spain sowing seeds of own decline c. Ensured England naval dominance in North America d. England strong, unified, under a popular monarch, nationalism and religious unity 5. England and Spain peace treaty in 1604

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III. England on the Eve of Empire

A. Causes for earliest Immigrants to America 1. Population increase 2. Many people become unemployed after woolen trade depresses 3. Puritanism strong root 4. Only eldest sons allowed to inherit property B. Joint stock company perfected C. Why England was ready for colonization 1. Opportunity – peace with Spain 2. Workers- Population increase 3. Motives – unemployment, markets, adventure, religious freedom 4. Financial means – joint stock company

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IV. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

A. Joint stock company (Virginia company of England) 1. Receives charter from James I (England) 2. Settlement in New World B. In search of gold and another passage through America to Indies C. Virginia Company endures for only a few years 1. Severe pressure on colonists, threatened with abandonment if not struck rich 2. Gives colonists same rights as in England D. Settlement in Jamestown 1. Set sail 1606 – three ships 2. Land on Chesapeake Bay 3. Attacked by Indians 4. Push up to Jamestown on May 24, 1607 a. Mosquito infested b. Unhealthful E. Jamestown Life 1. Settlers die from disease, malnutrition, starvation 2. Settlers did not gather food; greedy for gold F. Captain John Smith 1. Saves Virginia from utter collapse 2. Put gold hungry colonists in rule 3. Was kidnapped by the chieftain Powhatan a. Daughter Pocahontas “saved” him from execution 4. Pocahontas serves as “shaky” peace between Indians and English G.

“Starving time” winter 1. 1609-1610 a. Colonists die in droves b. Only sixty survive c. Diseased d. Take Indian food supplies H. Lord De La Warr 1. Ordered home-bound colonists back to Jamestown 1610 2. Imposes harsh military regime against the Indians

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V. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

A. 1607 – chieftain Powhatan dominates people in James River area 1. Powhatan’s confederacy 2. Had control over loose tribes B. Powhatan saw English as allies 1. Wanted to expand power of them 2. Relations tense C. War against the Indians 1. First Anglo Powhatan War a. Lord De La Warr carries orders from Virginia Company about declaration of war against Indians b. Introduces “Irish tactics” against Indians 2. Peace settlement a. Marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas b. Ends first Anglo Powhatan War 3. Eight years of fragile peace a. Indians face disease, land hungry whites b. Indians fight back a) John Rolfe dies in Indian attacks D. Second Anglo Powhatan War – 1644 1. Indians make last effort to rid of English 2. Indians defeated E. Peace treaty of 1646 banishes Chesapeake Indians from their lands 1. Only 2000 Indians remain in Virginia a. Fell to disease, disorganization, and disposability

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VI. Virginia: Child of Tobacco

A. John Rolfe father of tobacco industry 1. European demand for tobacco insatiable 2. Tobacco rush 3. Colonists hunger for land 4. Ruinous to the soil B. Tobacco promotes…. 1. Single cash crop 2. Broad-acred plantation system 3. Demand for labor C. Dutch warship appears off Jamestown in 1619 1. Sells twenty African Americans D. Blacks too costly 1. 1650 – 300 black Americans 2. End of the century made up 14% of population E. Representative self government born 1. House of Burgesses F. James I grows hostile 1. Detests tobacco 2. Distrusted House of Burgesses 3. 1624 – made Virginia a royal colony under his control

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VII. Maryland: Catholic Haven

A. Maryland founded in 1634 by lord Baltimore 1. Sought financial benefits 2. wanted safe place from Catholic persecution in England (shelter most Catholics ) B. Colonists were given the opportunity to own land 1. Catholics were granted estates and modest farms 2. Protestants had backcountry lands 3. Resentment led rebellion, taking Baltimore family out as proprietors C. Flourished, like Virginia, in Tobacco industry 1. depending on indentured servants then African slaves D. Act of Toleration 1649 1. Lord Baltimore gave religious freedom but were faced with threats from Protestants 2. Act was passed by local representative assembly 3. Toleration to all Christian but death for Jews and atheists

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IIX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

A. England got several islands including Jamaica after B. Sugar was main economy of West Indies 1. sugarcane rich man’s crop tobacco-poor man’s crop 2. extensive, hard work, and expensive to plant, clear, and refine sugar 3. large numbers of African slaves were taken to West Indies 4. by 1700s blacks outnumber whites 4 to 1 C. Control over slaves was devised by “codes” 1. Barbados code of 1661 took away basic rights and gave masters almost all control D. The West Indies was so involved with sugar 2. most of their food and supplies came from mainland America 3. some small farmers eve began to move to the Southern colonies and brought slaves 4. slaves inspired a slavery state in the Carolinas and adopted a similar West Indies “slave codes”

IX. Colonizing the Carolinas

A. Carolina, name after King Charles II, was established during the Restoration period in 1670 1. Charles II granted Lord Proprietors land in the Americas 2. they planned to grow food, look after sugar plantations and export non-English goods B. Established slave trade system sending Savannah Indians them to Rhode Island, England, and West Indies 1. 1707 Indians decide to go to middle colonies-better relations between the Indians and whites 2. Decision made to “thin” Indians- 1710 many coastal Carolina tribes were killed C. Rice became main export after experimentation 1. West African slaves were wanted-for experience in harvesting rice and resistance to malaria 2. 1710 African slaves made up majority of population D. Charles Town: busiest seaport in South, religiously tolerant E. Spanish Catholic Florida resentful of Protestants usually attacked Carolina in Anglo-Spanish wars but by 1700 the Carolinians were too strong

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X. The Emergence of North Carolina

A. Formed of outcasts, religious dissenters, and “squatters” from Virginia 1. reputation: Not religious, welcoming of pirates, resisted authority 2. located between two very aristocratic colonies 3. was separated from South Carolina in 1712 B. Similar to Rhode Island: most democratic and independent C. 1711-went against Tuscarora Indians with South Carolina 1. killed and sold Indians into slavery 2. with South also killing Yamasee Indians, Coastal Carolina Indian population was ruined

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XI. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

A. Southern colony founded in 1733, named after King George II the last of the 13 colonies “Charity Colony” B. Valued colony: it served as buffer for England against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana 1. suffered when there were wars between Spain and England 2. only colony to enjoy payments from British Gov C. Georgia thought of by philanthropists: Main Goals 1. produce silk and wine 2. place for people imprisoned by debt 3. James Ogelthorpe was interested in prison reform and saved colony with military skills against Spanish D. Savannah: diverse community 1. German Lutherans and Scottish Highlanders and all Christians except Catholics found religious toleration.

2. John Wesley returned to England making the Methodist church 3. least populated 4. plantation establishment did not work well

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XII. The Plantation Colonies

A. Consisted of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia 1. large acres of land with main crops being rice and tobacco 2. slavery was found in these colonies with exception of Georgia after 1750 3. mostly aristocratic area exceptions with North Carolina and Georgia