Transcript Chapter 11 pages 178-191

Chapter 11 Greek Contributions
Target
Words, Terms and People to Know
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Dionysus
Zeus
Pentathlon
Sophocles
Aeschylus
Thales
Republic
Aristophanes
Olympic Games
Hippocrates
Olympiad
Herodotus
Pancratium
Euripides http://www.learner.org/resources/series58.html
1
How the Greeks were different….
Egyptians were impressed by stability,
longevity and the monumental…
2
Mesopotamians were impressed by
supernatural nature of their gods and were
overawed by them.
Nergal—solar deity
Nammu—creation god
3
Greeks, on the other hand, created
gods in their own image who acted no
better than the people who they ruled.
Greek gods acted like humans, had
human vices, interacted with humans,
sometimes even spawning children with
them. At times certain gods would be
opposed to another, try to outdo each
other, and were in most ways (while
supposedly universal entities) uniquely
Greek!
4
Unfortunately,
by the end of the Peloponnesian War it
had become apparent that Greek religion
had few answers to explain the great
catastrophe that had befallen the Greek
city-states. It offered cold comfort to
individuals seeking answers as to why all
they had been told turned out to be either
false or pointless. As a result of the god’s
inability to protect, or comfort-- the social
fabric of the city-state began to
unravel.
5
“ Either there are no
gods…or they take no
care of men ”
Remnant portion of Greek Play
6
When Odysseus descends into Hades he sees Achilles' soul and says:
Neither Greek laws, nor the gods,
dealt much with divine morality or
private salvation.
"… Achilles, the most fortunate man that ever was or will be …
honored as though you were a god … and now you are a mighty
prince among the dead. For you … Death should have lost its sting."
(Odysseus to Achilles. Homer, Odyssey 11.480).
( However, committing an act of hubris was
very definitely a no-no! There was moira—the power to which even the gods were
"Do
not speak
soothingly
to ame
of death,
I should
choose
subject.
Originally,
death offered
shadow
afterlife.Odysseus.
As Greece began
to decay
politically
loose
itsof
independence,
its religion
becomes
concerned
with
to serve
asand
the
serf
another, rather
than
to bemore
lord
over the
dead."
regeneration
and the after life—influence
of eastern
mystery religions ? Very few were
(Achilles
to Odysseus.
Homer, Odyssey
11.486).
But Achilles replied:
considered to have been physically immortalized and brought to live forever in either Elysium, the Islands of the
Blessed. )
If the gods and the city state are
tied together--if one falls, doesn’t
the other?
Great debate about the nature of
civic virtue and the role of the polis
in society.
7
Polis—the city-state
Cosmopolitan, the idea
that all of humanity
belongs to a single moral
community— the
universal city—idea that
Alexander attempts to
share with the world.
8
Plato
“… the eternal world
of ideas where real
things exist. We only
experience dim
shadows of reality”
9
List of Greek Demi-Gods
Achilles
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=351148
(Historic person?)
Aeacus
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=351151
(Twelve
Labors)
Aeneas
Alexander the Great
Amphion
Arcas
Britomartis
Clymene
Cycnus
775
B.C–338 B.C.
Dardanus
The Dioscuri, Castor and Polydeuces
Epaphus
Ganapati
Gilgamesh
Harmonia
Helen
Heracles (also known by the Roman spelling)
Hercules) favored among the Greeks for his
 Cultural Contributions

Iapetus human qualities choices of Hercules
Iasion
Lacedaemon
Minos
Memnon
Orion
Perseus (mythology)
Rhadamanthus
Sarpedon
Theseus
Tityas
Zetes
Zethus
The ancient Greeks lived in a
world filled with divine and
semi-divine beings. Their
religious beliefs and folk
traditions were expressed in
human terms with gods and
goddesses, demi-gods, and
heroes often conquering
animals and mythical beasts.
Even such an abstract idea as
poetic inspiration was given
human form. Representations
of all these beings are found in
Greek art: in temples or in
public spaces, on everyday
objects of bronze, ceramic, and
precious materials. Concepts
which today are considered
exclusively religious were an
integral part of daily existence.
10
Overview
Section One: discusses Greek creativity and the people’s
attempt to honor their gods and goddesses especially in
athletics and theater.

I.
Terms to Learn: Prophecy
Religious Practices
 A. No single Greek Religion. Each
city-state worshiped its own gods.
1. Priests and priestesses serves as
oracles
2. Prophecy–each hearer of the
oracle photos had to decide what the
message meant
 http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=346788 Pilgrimages to Delphi
11
Delphic Oracle's Lips May Have Been
Loosened by Gas Vapors
By John Roach
National Geographic News
August 14, 2001
The oracle of Delphi in Greece was the
telephone psychic of ancient times:
People came from all over Europe to
call on the Pythia at Mount Parnassus
to have their questions about the future
answered. Her answers could
determine when farmers planted their
fields or when an empire declared war.
12
The Pythia, a role filled by different
women from about 1400 B.C. to A.D.
381, was the medium through which the
god Apollo spoke.
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=346789
According to legend, Plutarch, a priest
at the Temple of Apollo, attributed
Pythia's prophetic powers to vapors.
Other accounts suggested the vapors
may have come from a chasm in the
ground.
13
This traditional explanation, however,
has failed to satisfy scientists. In 1927,
French geologists surveyed the
oracle's shrine and found no evidence
of a chasm or rising gases. They
dismissed the traditional explanation
as a myth.
Their conclusion was aggregated by a
modern misconception that vapors and
gases could only be produced by
volcanic activity.
14
Now, a four-year study of the area in
the vicinity of the shrine is causing
archaeologists and other authorities to
revisit the notion that intoxicating
fumes loosened the lips of the Pythia.
The study, reported in the August issue
of Geology, reveals that two faults
intersect directly below the Delphic
temple. The study also found evidence
of hallucinogenic gases rising from a
nearby spring and preserved within the
temple rock.
15
"Plutarch made the right observation,"
said Jelle De Boer, a geologist at
Wesleyan University in Middletown,
Connecticut, and co-author of the
study. "Indeed, there were gases that
came through the fractures."
Fractured Landscape
Greece sits at the confluence of three
tectonic plates. The shifting of these
plates continually stretches and uplifts
the area, which is riddled with faults.
16
 Several years ago, Greek researchers found
a fault running east to west beneath the
oracle's temple. De Boer and his colleagues
discovered a second fault, which runs north
to south. "Those two faults do cross each other,
and therefore interact with each other, below the
site," said De Boer.
 Interactions of major faults make rock more
permeable and create passages through
which ground water and gases can travel and
rise. From 70 to 100 million years ago, the
limestone bedrock underlying the oracle's
site lay below sea level, enriched with
hydrocarbon deposits.
17
 About every 100 years a major earthquake
rattles the faults. The faults are heated by
adjacent rocks and the hydrocarbon deposits
stored in them are vaporized. These gases
mix with ground water and emerge around
springs.
 De Boer conducted an analysis of these
hydrocarbon gases in spring water near the
site of the Delphi temple. He found that one is
ethylene, which has a sweet smell and
produces a narcotic effect described as a
floating or disembodied euphoria.
18
 "Ethylene inhalation is a serious contender
for explaining the trance and behavior of the
Pythia," said Diane Harris-Cline, a classics
professor at The George Washington
University in Washington, D.C. "Combined
with social expectations, a woman in a confined
space could be induced to spout off oracles,"
she said.
 According to traditional explanations, the
Pythia derived her prophecies in a small,
enclosed chamber in the basement of the
temple. De Boer said that if the Pythia went
to the chamber once a month, as tradition
says, she could have been exposed to
concentrations of the narcotic gas that were
strong enough to induce a trance-like state.
19
 Waning Power
 The power of the Delphic oracle fluctuated
and eventually lost favor as Christianity
became the dominant religion of the land,
said De Boer. Moreover, ancient legend
suggests that the concentration of the
vapors became weaker—possibly because
the absence of a major earthquake failed to
keep Earth's narcotic juices flowing.
 Today, the water that helped transport the
gases to the Delphic temple is tapped and
siphoned above the temple to supply the
modern town of Delphi.
20
 The work by De Boer and his colleagues is
an example of modern science helping
archaeologists understand how ancient
peoples lived. Another example among the
ancient Greeks is the belief in Poseidon as
the god of the sea and earthquakes.
According to Harris-Cline, modern science
associates the two with tectonic movement
deep under the sea.
 "Our scientific techniques are just beginning to
detect the natural phenomena which the Greeks
celebrated and appreciated 2,500 years ago
with ritual activities at these special places," she
said.
21
Croesus at the stake. Side A from an Attic
 Ancient Forecasting
Herodotus
on oracles: red-figure amphora, ca. 500–490 BC.
at Delphi
 Imprisoned
The Oracle of Delphi,
which
dates back
to 1200 bitterly
B.C., was the most
by
the
Persians,
Croesus
important shrine in Greece. Built around a sacred spring, it was
considered
the
center
of the
world.
“I
do not venture
to say
anything
prophecies,
norhim.
will
denounced
the
Delphic
oracle against
for having
deceived
I
listen to criticism from others”
receiving
permission
from
his captors,
Croesus
 After
People
came fromand
all
over
Greece
and
beyond
to have their
questions
The
most
famous,
one
of
the
most
misleading,
Delphic
abouthis
theiron
futurechains
answered
by
the Pythia,
thethe
priestess
at theWhy
Temple of
sent
to
Delphi
with
question
Apollo.
Her
predictions
and
announcements
were used
determine
predictions
was
given toitself
King
Croesus
of Lydia.
In to
550
B.C.,
The
oracle
defended
by
saying
Croesus
was
being
events
and
activities
ranging
from when
a farmer planted
his seeds to
did
you
lie
to
me?
The
Pythia
answered
that
her
Croesus
preparing
towar.
invade
Empire,
but
when was
an empire
declared
punished
for
what
happened
to the
himPersian
for the crime
of an
prediction
had
been
fulfilled.
Croesus
hadoracle
destroyed
ahis
decided
that
he
should
first
consult
the
Delphic
about
ancestor
several
generations
back.
Although
Herodotus
does
 great
A consultation
with
Pythia
began
with
the
sacrifice
of
a
goat.
Pythia
empire--his
own.
Audio pronunciation
for
chances
for
After
sacrificing
head
ofbelieves
cattlethen
tothat
mounted
avictory.
tripod
sat
while
awaiting
divine
inspiration,
not
comment
on and
this
specific
cause,300
he clearly
"conveyed
Croesus "her pronouncements to the seekers.
Apollo,
Croesus
had goldillustrates
and silver
117
Croesus’s
misfortune
themelted
largerdown
truth into
that divine
hear it again
bricks,
which heDelphi
sentashrine
toman
Delphi
along
with
jewels,
statues,
and a
at the
height
his prosperity
 resentment
The Oracle ofstrikes
was
regarded
asofindependent,
its priests
associated
withaany
strict religious
dogma for the worship of
goldnot
bowl
weighing
quarter
of a ton.
Greek gods. Greek states eager to be in the Oracle's good graces sent
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=346788
elaborate
gifts to
the shrine,
which
made
it a storehouse
of fabulous
With
these
gifts,
Croesus
sent
his
question
of
whether
he should
art treasures.
attack Persia. The Pythia answered that, if he went to war,
 The power
the Delphic
oracle
fluctuated,
and finally lost
"Croesus
willofdestroy
a great
empire."
Encouraged
by favor
this when
Christianity spread widely.
response, he invaded Persia.
22
B. Gods and Goddesses of Mount
Olympus and Chthonic
deities (those whose realms were earth of the underworld part of an
(earth or soil in Greek) ch is silent: thon-ik (thŏn'ĭk).
Greek underworld
Residents
Aeacus Olympus
Hypnosand her gods)
older tradition predating
Cerberus
Minos
Charon
Erinyes
Hades
Hecate
Moirae
Persephone
Rhadamanth
us
Thanatos
Geography
Acheron
Asphodel
Fields
Cocytus
Elysion
Erebus
Lethe
Phlegethon
Styx
Tartarus
Famous inmates
The
Danaides
Ixion
Salmoneus
Sisyphus
Tantalus
The Titans
Tityus
Visitors
The god Hades is not found on Mt.
Aeneas
Orpheus
Olympus as he dwelt in the
Dionysus
Pirithous
underworld. Pluto- Roman name
Heracles
Psyche
(Hades) is the brother of Zeus and
Hermes
Theseus
Poseidon dwelt in Hades Chthonic
Odysseus
(shadow realm). Hades seen here
with Cerberus the three headed This
dogbox: view · talk · edit
23
I. cont.
1. 12 major gods and goddesses with
Greek historian
Straboduties
(63/64 BC – ca. AD 24 ) wrote of the statue of Zeus at
specific
Olympia:
2. Unlike
other
people
"...although
the temple
itself isancient
very large, the
sculptorthe
is criticized
for notGreeks
having appreciated
thegreat
correct proportions.
He has
depicted
placed
importance
on
the
Zeus seated, but with the head almost touching the ceiling, so that
of thethatindividual
we haveworth
the impression
if Zeus moved to stand up he would
unroof
the temple..."
3.
Inside Greek temples stood a statue
of the god being honored. Greeks
honored their gods by trying to do all
things well. Temples were set within a temenos (sacred
district ) frequently with a spring (for purification) and a grove of trees.
4. Festivals honored the gods
24
The Role of the Temple
Most religious buildings today are intended for congregational worship,
where groups of people get together on a regular basis to celebrate their god
and receive spiritual comfort. Ancient Greek temples were rarely used this
way. They were meant to serve as homes for the individual god or goddess
who protected and sustained the community. It was the needs of the gods
Temple
of Neptune
(orand
Apollo or Hera
that were most important. They controlled the forces
of nature—
the sun
in Paestum
dates
from 450 BC
rain which nourished their crops and the winds which
drove their
ships.
Although generally benevolent, the gods could be quite capricious and were
liable to turn against the community— so it was in everyone's interest to
make sure that they should feel completely at home. Their houses were the
finest, equipped with a staff of servants to look after their every need. They
received daily offerings of food and drink along with a proper share of the
harvest and the profits of any trading or military activity.
Temples often served as the
treasury of a city-state as they
were considered to be the safest
and least likely place to be robbed.
The Parthenon most likely served
as the treasury of Athens
25
Ancient Athens 9:11 Athens leads the Hellenic World
26
C. The Olympic Games
And as to the wrestling? Those who engage in the pancratium, my boy, employ a wrestling that is
Ancient
or the
"fivefold
contest"
one of
ofathe
prestigious
events
atand
the
hazardous;
for they
needs
meet
blows
ona was
the face
that
aremost
nota safe
for the
The
bronze Pentathlon
boxer
at themust
Terme
Museum
in Rome
and
fragment
relief
on
tombstone
at wrestler,
the
Kerameikos
ancient
Greek
Olympics.
Contestants
competed
in
the
footrace,
long
jump,
throwing
the
must
clinch
in struggles
thatfaces,
one can
only
win by
to fall,
and
they need
skill that
they
Museum
in Athens
show scarred
broken
noses,
andpretending
cauliflower ears.
Vase
paintings
of boxing
matches
discus
and
throwing
the
javelin.
The
two
men
scoring
the
highest
in
these
events
were
may
adversary
in different
at different
times,
and thetheir
same
contestants
are both
show choke
bloody and
noses.
Satirical epigrams
claimways
that boxers
became
so disfigured
dogs
did not recognize
them
selected
for
the
final
contest,
a
wrestling
match.
and
they
could
not
claim
inheritances:
wrestling with the ankle and twisting the opponent's arm, to say nothing of dealing a blow or
leaping
upon
an
adversary;
for allsafely
these
arehome
permissible
theyears,
pancratium
anything
The winner
of this
was
declared
to be things
the
When
Odysseus
returned
topentathlete.
his
afterin20
only---his
dog
except biting and eye gouging. The Lacedmeamonians, indeed, allow even these, because I
Argos
recognized
him
when
hefor
saw
But
you,
after
you
Three other
were
added
in as
well,
inhim.
latter
years.
The Stratophon,
boxing,
Pankration
and
suppose,
they sports
are training
themselves
battle,
but the
contests
of Elis exclude
them,
though
(olympiadneither
length
of time
fromnor
Olympics
to another)
Equestrian
events.
have
for fourAccordingly,
hours,
dogs
your fellow
citizens
can him
they
doboxed
permit
choking.
the antagonist
ofone
Arrichion,
having
already clinched
around
the middle,
thoughtbe
to kill
already
heview
had wound
his
forearm
about theyou
other's
throat
recognize.
If you
sohim;
kind
your
face
in a mirror,
will
In the foot race,
thewill
competitors
must as
run to
around
the
Olympic
stadium
which was about
to200
shutmetres.
off the breathing,
while,
pressing
his
legs on the groins
and winding
his
feet one inside
Theoath,
long jump
was
nothing
like it is today.
They didGreek
not have
a run up, as
they
affirm
with
an
"I
am
not
Stratophon."
(Lucillius,
Anthology
11.77,
each
knee
of
his
adversary,
he
forestalled
Arrichion's
resistance
by
choking
him
till
the
sleep
of
stood and jumped from a standing start. They even used heavy rocks to help them get more
trans.
W.E.
Sweet)
death
thus induced
began
creep
over until
his senses.
But in
relaxing
tension
of his
legs
distance.
They held
ontoto
the
weights
just before
impact
andthe
they
then let
them
gohe
backwards,
giving
an of
extra
push. for the latter kicked back with the sole of his right foot
failed
to forestall
the them
scheme
Arrichion;
(as the result of which his right side was imperiled since now his knee was hanging unsupported),
Thewith
discus
was
pretty
much
the same
then
as
it is
made
their
discuses
then
his throw
groin
he
holds
his
adversary
tight
till
he
can
notoday.
longerThey
resist,
and
throwing
his
Terms
toto
Learn:
Pancratium
Ofrom
Augustus,
this
man
Olympikos,
as
he
now
appears,
used
have
nose,
stone, or later on in the Hellenistic age, they used iron, lead or bronze. The way
they
weight
down
toward
the
left
while
he
locks
the
latter's
foot
tightly
inside
his
own
knee,
by
this
threwforehead,
the discus was
very
similar
to howBut
athletes
dohe
it today.
chin,
ears,
and
eyelids.
then
enrolled
in
the
guild
of
violent outward thrust he wrenches the ankle from its socket. Arrichion's soul, though it makes
boxers,
with
thedifferent.
result
that
he
diduse
not
receive
his
sharethat
his
inheritance
him
feeblewas
as itquite
leaves
his body,
yetgreeks
gives
him
theuse
strength
to
achieve
for
which
he
strives.itin
Javelin
The
to
a strap
attached
toof
the
javelin
to propel
 1. Olympia was a group of temples built
in fields
 2. The games were a time of truce
 3. Only men allowed to compete
 4. Pancratium
 5. Pentathlon—skill in running, discusThey
wrap theabout
strap around
their
hand
and launch
it from
a further.
will. For
in would
the lawsuit
the will
his
brother
shows
thea run.
judge a portrait
throwing,
and
three
other
sports
Imagines by Philostratus
Terms
Learn:
Pentathlon
Book
II . 6
Wrestling
to to
the
ancient
Greeks
of Olympikos, who was judged
to be
anjust
imposter,
bearing
no All
resemblance
was more
then
a sport, but
a lifestyle.
soldiers must
know
how
to
wrestle.
In
a
wrestling
match,
a
man
can
only
win
when
the
other
to his own picture. (Lucillius, Greek Anthology 11.75, trans. W.E. Sweet)opponent
 6. Herodotus “Father of History”
gives up.
In Greek myth, the Pentathlon was invented by Jason. Jason was the ancient Greek hero
who was sent to get the Golden Fleece. The Pentathlon was more then likely the climax of
the ancient games, with the winner being crowned 'Victor Ludorum'.
a.) First recorded date in Greek history is the
date of the first Olympic game in 776 B.C.
27
Olympia video “Oath to Zeus”
28
Olympia: Temple to Hera
29
“God whose law it is that he who learns must suffer. And even in our
sleep pain that cannot forget, falls drop by drop upon the heart, and in
our own despite, against our will, comes
to us by
awful
The wisdom
Herodian theater
of the
Athens.
Thisgrace
ancient amphitheater is
of God.”
still in use.
Aeschylus
D. The Theater
 1. Festivals honoring the god Dionysus around 600 B.C.
 2. Greek chorus
 (a.) soliloquy (p.183) ( personal thoughts and feelings expressed)
 3. Aeschylus adds additional characters and the story is
acted out. Earliest writer to create a two-character play.
 (a.) 1st plays were tragedies
 4. Great Greek writers of tragedy
 a.) Aeschylus–effect of power on people
 b.) Euripides– (writer of tragedies) people suffer because of the evil
they do
 c.) Sophocles–(writer of tragedies) people suffer because of sins
and mistake
 d.) Comedies--Aristophanes best known writer of comic plays. e.)
performed only at festivals and went most of the day
 f.) open-air theaters photo.
 g.) attendance was a public responsibility
30
Greek Theatre
Theatre buildings were called a theatron. The theaters were large, open-air
structures constructed on the slopes of hills. They consisted of three main
elements: the orchestra, the skene, and the audience.
Orchestra: A large circular or rectangular area at the center part of the
theatre, where the play, dance, religious rites, acting used to take place.
Skene: (from Greek skēnē, “scene-building”), A large rectangular building
situated behind the orchestra, used as a backstage. Actors could change
their costumes and masks. Earlier the skene was a tent or hut, later it
became a permanent stone structure. These structures were sometimes
painted to serve as backdrops.
31
The sculpture group Laocoön, which was executed between 175 and 150 B.C.
Laocoön was a legendary Trojan prince who protested against the proposal to
bring the wooden horse into Troy. According to one version of the legend, Apollo
sent two serpents to kill him and his two sons because Laocoön had violated his
vows as a priest by marrying. This marble statue depicts their deaths. This
sculpture group had a major influence on the artists of the Italian Renaissance,
particularly Michelangelo, when it was found near Rome in 1506.
Which brings up the nagging question…
WHY ARE THESE GUYS ALWAYS NUDE!?
32
Why Ancient Greeks are Always Nude?
 Male nudes are the norm in Greek art, even
though historians have stated that ancient
Greeks kept their clothes on for the most part.
New research suggests that art might have
been imitating life more closely than previously
thought.
 Nudity was a costume used by artists to depict
various roles of men, ranging from heroicism
and status to defeat.
 "In ancient Greek art, there are many
different kinds of nudity that can mean
many different things," said Jeffrey Hurwit, an
historian of ancient art at the University of
Oregon. "Sometimes they are
contradictory."
33
Hurwit's newly published research shows
that the Greeks did walk around in the
buff in some situations. Men strode about
free of their togas in the bedroom and at
parties called symposia, where they would
eat, drink and carouse. Nudity was also
common on the athletic fields and at the
Olympic games. (Because there are so
many images of Greek athletes, some lay
people have assumed the Greeks were in
their birthday suits all the time.)
34
 Battling nudity
 However, nudity was often risky for the Greeks.
 "Greek males, it is generally agreed, did not
walk around town naked, they did not ride their
horses naked, and they certainly did not go
into battle naked," Hurwit said. "In most public
contexts, clothing was not optional, and in
combat nakedness was suicidal."
 Warriors and heroes are often, but not always,
represented in the nude. Artists demonstrated the
physical prowess men used to defeat their
enemies. But, as Hurwit said,” if you can go into
battle naked, you've got to be pretty good.”
 However, heroes weren't the only men disrobed by
ancient artists.
35
 Here's looking at you
 Hurwit's research, published in the Jan. issue of
the American Journal of Archaeology, also
found examples of defeated, dying and dead
naked men. In these cases, nudity was chosen to
represent the subjects' vulnerabilities.
 Meanwhile, common laborers were also drawn
undressed, illustrating their sweat and muscles
to show how hard they worked. Gods and
people of higher social class were
sometimes—but not always—depicted in the
buff to demonstrate their place in society.
36
Hurwit's research of these nuances of
Greek art also offers a glimpse into the
cultural source of our civilization today.
"We can try to understand ourselves
and our conception of what it means
to be a hero and to exceed normal
expectations," Hurwit told LiveScience.
"The more we know about other
cultures, the deeper we will be able
to understand our own culture and
ourselves."
37
http://www.livescience.com/history/070202_greek_nudity.html
Who Taught Who? (You’ll never know how far it will go!)
Who CONQUERS the known world!
 Protagorus-Plato credits him with having
invented the role of the professional sophist or
teacher of virtue
 a sophism is a specious argument
used for deceiving someone. In
Ancient Greece, the sophists were a
category of teachers who specialized
in using the tools of philosophy and
rhetoric for the purpose of teaching
aretê — excellence, or virtue —
predominately to young statesmen
and nobility.
 Socrates
 Plato
 Aristotle
Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of
The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael.
Alexander The Great
38
Section Two: identifies Socrates, Plato and
Aristotle and the development of Greek
science “There is only one good, knowledge;
one evil, ignorance.”
Socrates
 II. Science
Terms to Know: Philosophia
 A. Love of intellect and development of philosophia
Terms to Know: Socratic Method
 B. Socrates–399 B.C. put on trial for stirring up the
youth,”denying the gods, corrupting the young, and
“The hour
of departure has arrived, and we go our
trying to overthrow the government”
ways—I to die and you to live; which to the better
 1. Socratic method–asking leading questions
fate is unknown
totoanyone
heaven.”
leading
a finalbut
conclusion
 2. 500 citizens sentence him to death
Socrates http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=143754
 3. What we know about Socrates’ philosophy comes
from his speeches and discussions written down by
Plato
39
In the aftermath of Athens' surrender, Socrates was made a scapegoat for the city's downfall and put on trial for corrupting youth
and interfering with the city's religion. Hear what Socrates said at his trial and learn whether or not he was found guilty. 15:24
40
"When its [the soul's] gaze is fixed upon an object irradiated by truth and
Plato showed no fondness for democracy (where power is held by the
reality, the soul gains understanding and knowledge and is manifestly in
people)
because
he believedBut
that
not it
alllooks
members
of that
society
wereworld of
possession
of intelligence.
when
towards
twilight
capable
of making
wise
decisions
voiced
through
Socrates,
the it has
things that
come into
existence
and. As
pass
away,
its sight
is dim and
Platonic
principle
that only
a few
people
in afro,
just city
only opinions
andisbeliefs
which
shift
to and
and (those
now it seems like a
individuals
the philosophers)
thing thatknown
has noas
intelligence.
. . . possess the principle portion of
the soul that desires for truth and wisdom. Since this portion forms the
 1.Athenian
aristocrat
and
pupilwillofprimarily
Socrates
majority
of thewhich
philosophers’
souls,
these of
individuals
"This, then
gives to the
objects
knowledge
their truth and to him
strive
for
truth
andhis
wisdom.
since
portion
of theirnature of
who
knows
them
powerFurthermore,
ofthe
knowing,
is
the this
Form
ortrain
essential

2.
Establishes
Academy
to
souls
is alsoIt
rational,
ruling
cadre will and
be just,
assuring that the city
Goodness.
is the this
cause
of knowledge
truth;…”
government
leaders
they rule
is also just.
C. Plato The Allegory of the Cave
 3. Academy lasted 900 years after his death
 4. Believed in order
a.) set down ideas in a book called The
Republic the first book of political science.
b.) explains how to avoid political errors
c.) The Dialogues
41
D. Aristotle
“He who studies how things originated and came into being will
achieve the clearest view of them.”
Aristotle
 1. Pupil of Plato
 2 Stayed at Academy for 20 years
 3. founded own school in Athens (Lyceum 335 B.C.)
and wrote over 200 books
 4. “The master of them that know”
Major
5. premise:
First toAll
classify
or group together plants and
humans are mortal.
animals that resemble each other.
Minor premise: Socrates is a human.
Conclusion:
6. Added
to theis ideas
Socrates
mortal. of Thales of Miletus
 7. Used logical methods to collect information,
then from a hypothesis, test to see if correct
 8. Developed the syllogism.
 9. Teacher of Alexander the Great

Terms to Learn: Syllogism
43
Aristotle 2:29
44
Basic structure
A syllogism consists of three parts: the major premise, the minor
premise, and the conclusion. Each of the premises has one term
in common with the conclusion: in a major premise, this is the
major term (i.e., the predicate) of the conclusion; in a minor
premise, it is the minor term (the subject) of the conclusion.
Each of the two distinct terms represents a category, in this
example, "human," "mortal," and "Socrates."
"Mortal" is the major term; "Socrates," the minor term. The
premises also have one term in common with each other, which is
known as the middle term -- in this example, "human." Here the
major premise is universal and the minor particular, but this need
not be so. For example:
Major premise: All mortal things die.
Minor premise: All men are mortal things.
Conclusion: All men die.
Here, the major term is "die", the minor term is "men," and the
middle term is "[being] mortal things." Both of the premises are
universal.
45
Explains the views of Aristotle, Epicurus, and Lucretius on the
subject of Atomic Theory. 4:49
46
"Give me a lever long enough and a place to
and I will
move
thethese,
world."
Hisstand,
last recorded
words
of are
"Noli turbane circulos
-Archimedes
230"Do
BC.not disturb my circles!“ 212
meos!"
This means,
Some Other Greek Scientists
B.C.
Archimedes
Mathematics Lever
Aristarchus
Astronomy earth revolves around the sun
Anaximander
Asronomy Earth as a body suspended space
Eratosthenes
Geo. Figured earth’s circumference within 200mi.
Euclid
Mathematics
Geometry
Thales of Miletus Science developed two steps
of scientific method
Ptolemy
Astronomy mathematical model
of system of
celestial mechanics
47
E. Discoveries and Inventions
 1. Attempting to add to the store of
knowledge.
 2. The natural world is governed by
natural laws
 3. Thales of Miletus images–correctly
predicted quotes an eclipse of the sun
in 585 B.C.
 4. Hippocrates works by “Father of
Scientific Medicine”
(a.) drew a list of rules about how doctors
should practice med.
 5. Herodotus—writer of histories

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=235902
Greek list of Wonders of the 280 B.C. World
Rod of Asclepius--serpent has been interpreted in many ways; sometimes the shedding
of skin and renewal is emphasized as symbolizing rejuvenation, the staff
was a walking stick associated with itinerant phyisicans
48
Hippocratic Oath -- Classical Version
I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses,
making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this oath and this
covenant:
To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and
if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in
male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of
precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed
me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no
one else.
I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them
from harm and injustice.
I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this
effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life
and my art.
I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are
engaged in this work.
Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of
all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.
What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of
men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be
spoken about.
49
If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame
among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.
Answer one of the essay
questions on tomorrow’s test.
 How are the modern Olympic Games similar
to the original ones? What are some of the
differences?
 Briefly recount Plato’s beliefs about
government as expressed in his book The
Republic.
 Explain the role of oracles in Greek religion.
50