Transcript Soft Tissue Injuries - Santiago Canyon College

HEALTH 105: FIRST AID AND SAFETY
PROFESSOR ROSI ENRIQUEZ
7/21/2015
ESHE 105 3610502 MW 9:30-10:50
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INJURIES, BLEEDING AND
SHOCK
Injury is one of our nations most
serious problems. Injuries that
damage, disable and kill are caused
by different types of force.
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TYPES OF BLEEDING
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EXTERNAL BLEEDING is either:
Arterial bleeding
Venous bleeding
Capillary bleeding
INTERNAL BLEEDING : can range from a
minor to a major life threatening problem
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TYPES OF WOUNDS
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OPEN WOUNDS :
INCISIONS
ABRASIONS
LACERATIONS
PUNCTURES
BURNS
AVULSION
AMPUTATION
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• IMPALEMENT
• CONTUSION
– (the only CLOSED
WOUND)
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STITCHES
• The following major injuries often require stitches:
• Bleeding from an artery-uncontrolled bleeding
• Wounds that expose muscle or bone, joints, wide open
wounds
• Hands or feet that are wounded
• Large or deep puncture wounds
• Large or deeply embedded objects
• Human or animal bites
• Wounds that could leave conspicuous scars
• Facial wounds
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INFECTIONS
• To prevent infections the best initial defense
is to clean the area
• Most minor wounds can be washed with
soap and water
• Major wounds require only that you stop the
bleeding
• A tetanus booster is required every 5-10
years
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Signs of Infection
• Area around wound becomes swollen and
red
• Area is warm and throbbing with pain
• A discharge of pus
• More serious infections cause fever and
illness
• Red streaks may develop that progress from
wound in direction to heart
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DRESSINGS AND BANDAGES
• Dressings are pads placed directly over the
wound and come in various sizes
• Bandages are any materials used to wrap or
cover any part of the body.
• Bandages are used to hold dressings in
place and include:
• Band-Aids, triangular and roller bandages
• Made of gauze or elastic material
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ROLLER BANDAGE
Gauze
• Secure bandage over the dressing
• Use overlapping turns to cover the dressing
completely
• Tie or tape the bandage in place-no loose
ends
• Check fingers for feeling warmth and color
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CONTROLLING EXTERNAL
BLEEDING
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Control bleeding by placing a clean dressing over wound
Apply direct pressure on dressing
Elevate the injured area
Apply a bandage securely over the dressing
Continue to add dressings and bandages if more bleeding
Pressure points:
Brachial and Femoral
Seek medical attention cal EMS
• Wash your hands immediately after care
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ELASTIC BANDAGE
• Elastic bandages control swelling and give
support for:
• Sprains and Strains
• To apply start at point farthest from heart
• Anchor the bandage
• Wrap the bandage using overlapping turns
• Tape the bandage in place
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Signs of Internal
Bleeding
• Tender, swollen, bruised, or hard areas of the
body, such as the abdomen
• Rapid, weak pulse
• Skin that feels cool or moist, looks pale or blue
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Excessive thirst
• Acts confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious
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Conditions of Internal Bleeding
• Wounds that have penetrated the skull
• Blood or bloody fluids in the ears and or
nose
• Bruises or wounds on the neck, chest, ribs,
or abdomen
• Bleeding from rectal area
• Fractures of the pelvis
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Controlling Internal Bleeding
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Activate EMS
Maintain Airway, Breathing, Circulation
Care for shock
Loosen restrictive clothing
Watch for victims vomit
Nothing by Mouth
Apply pressure dressings
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DEFINING SHOCK
• Shock is likely to develop in any serious injury or
illness where there is inadequate blood flow due to
• Heart malfunctioning; severed blood vessels;
dilation of vessels
• It is the body’s reaction to the failure of the
circulatory system to provide needed blood
• Shock is preventable but not reversible
• The body’s attempt to solve the circulatory
problem may worsen the situation
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TYPES OF SHOCK
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HEMORRHAGIC
CARDIOGENIC
NEUROGENIC
ANAPHYLACTIC
PSYCHOGENIC
METABOLIC
SEPTIC
RESPIRATORY
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• HYPOVOLEMIC shock
refers to too little fluid in
the blood vessels due to
loss of whole blood or
plasma
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SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK
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Weakness
Nausea
Thirst
Dizziness
The patient indicates restlessness and fear
This behavior might be the first indication
of shock
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SIGNS OF SHOCK
• Profuse external bleeding
• Vomiting or loss of body fluids
• Disoriented, confused, unresponsive, faint,
suddenly unconscious, restless and combative
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Weak and shallow pulse
• Pale, clammy, cyanotic, skin and lips
• Pupils are dilated
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DOMINO EFFECT OF SHOCK
• Patients go into shock gradually
• Bleeding increases heart rate
• Body responds by attempting to circulate blood to
all vital organs
• This attempt causes more blood to be lost
• To try to circulate more blood, body responds by
To circulate more blood
increasing the HR even faster
• The process of decline will continue until death
occurs
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Preventing and Caring
For Shock
• Have victim rest, lie
down in comfortable
position, elevate head
and shoulders
• Keep airway open
• Control external
bleeding
• Maintain body
temperature
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• Give nothing by
mouth
• Monitor victims vital
signs
• Reassure the victim
• Minimize pain
• Activate EMS
• Elevate legs@ 12”
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SPECIFIC INJURIES
• Wrap a severed body
part in sterile gauze
and put in plastic bag
on ice.
• Do not remove an
impaled object
• Bandage around it to
support in place
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• To control nosebleed, have
victim lean forward and
pinch nostrils together
• If tooth is knocked out
place sterile dressing
directly in it’s place
• Injuries to the mouth may
cause breathing problemsloose teeth
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CHEST AND ABDOMINAL
INJURIES
• A puncture wound that
penetrates lung allows air
to enter cavity
• Sucking chest wound
• This disables the lung
from functioning
• Cover wound with
dressing that does not let
in air, leave an open
corner
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• Wounds that break
through the abdomen
can cause the organs
to protrude
• Place moist sterile
dressing to cover
organs
• Never attempt to push
organs back inside
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BURNS
• First degree burns or
superficial burns
involve only outer
layer of skin
• Second degree burns
or partial thickness
burn goes through the
dermis
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• Third degree burns or
full thickness go past
skin to bone
• Critical burns cover
more than 1 body area,
head, neck, hands,
genitals, feet
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CLASSIFYING BURNS
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Heat (thermal) fire, steam, hot objects
Chemicals- caustics, acids, alkalis
Electricity- includes lightening
Light- burns to eyes caused by intense light
sources and burns by UV’s
• Radiation- usually from nuclear sources
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SUPERFICIAL BURN
• A first degree burn involves the top layer of
skin
• The skin is red, dry and usually painful
• The pain is due to the fact that the nerve
endings are still intact
• There may also be swelling in the burn area
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Partial Thickness Burns
• Second degree burns reach second layer of
skin and the dermis is damaged
• Intense blisters will form
• Considerable swelling and reddening occurs
within 48 hours
• Skin appears spotted, surrounded by 1st
degree burns
• Severe pain always accompanies burn
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FULL THICKNESS BURN
• Third degree burns damage all layers of the
skin
• Fat, muscles, nerves, and even bones may
be involved
• Sometimes difficult to distinguish from 2nd
degree burn
• Appear charred black, dry, and white
• Painfulness depends on the nerve damage
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CARE FOR BURNS
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Stop the burning process by flushing with water
Activate EMS
Cover the entire burn with sterile dressing
Give special care to the eyes
Give special care to the fingers and toes
Provide care for shock
Keep victim comfortable
Maintain body temperature
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BURN CARE “DO NOT’S”
• Do not apply ice directly to any burn unless it is
very minor
• Do not touch a burn with anything except a clean
covering
• Do not remove pieces of cloth that stick to the
burned area
• Do not try to clean a severe burn
• Do not break blisters
• Do not use any kind of ointment on a severe burn
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CHEMICAL BURNS
• The longer the contact and the stronger the
chemical the worse the burn
• Chemical burns can happen on the job or at home
• Flood the area for at least 20 minutes with water
unless chemical is lime
• Remove all contaminated clothing
• Eyes must be flushed from the nose outward and
away from the eye socket
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ELECTRICAL BURNS
• Electricity sources include power lines, defective
household equipment, lightening, and unprotected outlets
• Severity of burn depends on the length of contact with the
body
• Victim is wounded where electricity enters and exists the
body, burns are deep
• Underlying tissues are severely damaged
• Never attempt a rescue until electricity is disconnected
• Cover burn with sterile dressing and do not cool
• Monitor vital signs
• Keep victim from getting chilled
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RADIATION
• Sunburns can cause painful burns and
blisters
• Cool them with an antibiotic ointment
• Cover them to protect from infection
• Keep victim from getting chilled
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