Transcript Chapter 011
Chapter 10 Understanding and Managing Responses to Stress Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Introduction Definition of stress Stress responses and psychiatric disorders The interface between stress and all health alterations Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Early Stress-Response Theories Walter Cannon Fight-or-flight response Body prepares for situation that individual perceives as threat to survival New research indicates that men and women have different neural responses to stress Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Early Stress-Response Theories (Cont.) Hans Selye General adaptation syndrome (GAS) • Three stages Alarm or acute stress stage Resistance or adaptation stage Exhaustion stage • Psychological reactions (Lazarus) Distress Eustress Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Neurotransmitter Stress Responses Serotonin synthesis more active May impair serotonin receptor sites and brain’s ability to use serotonin Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Immune Stress Responses Interaction between nervous system and immune system during alarm phase of GAS Negatively affects body’s ability to produce protective factors Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Mediators of the Stress Response Stressors Physical Psychological Perception Individual temperament Social support Support groups Culture Spirituality and religious beliefs Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Nursing Management of Stress Responses Measuring stress Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes and Rahe, 1967, 1978, 1997) • Measures level of positive and negative stressful life events over a 1-year period Assessing coping styles Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Case Study A college student is experiencing stress in her life as she tries to manage her schoolwork, job responsibilities, and single parenting. What attributes can this student develop to manage the stress? Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Managing Stress Through Relaxation Techniques Deep breathing exercises Progressive muscle relaxation Relaxation response Meditation Guided imagery Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Managing Stress Through Relaxation Techniques (Cont.) Biofeedback Physical exercise Cognitive reframing Journaling Humor Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Audience Response Questions 1. In general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which stage occurs first? A. Alarm B. Resistance C. Exhaustion Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Audience Response Questions 2. Which reaction to stress is healthy? A. Distress B. Eustress Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13