HOW MUCH ENERGY IS USED ANNUALLY?

1 QUAD ~ 100 BILLION KWH ~ 200 MILLION BARRELS OF OIL USA ANNUALLY USES ~ 80 QUADS SOURCE: QUADS USA TOTAL RESOURCE COAL: ~15 >6000 NATURAL GAS: ~20 400 OIL: ~40 400 NUCLEAR: ~5 BREEDER REACTOR > 600,000 NON-BREEDER 1000 HYDROELECTRIC: ~3 RENEWABLE GEOTHERMAL: ~0.1 RENEWABLE SOLAR (TOO SMALL TO MEASURE ON THIS SCALE)

ENERGY RESOURCES DEPLETABLE RESOURCES: FOSSIL FUELS: NUCLEAR: NATURAL GAS FISSION OIL NON-BREEDER COAL REACTORS RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE: FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR FUSION (DEUTERIUM) WIND SOLAR OTEC DIRECT GEOTHERMAL HYDROELECTRIC

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES HYDROCARBONS: NATURAL GAS, OIL PROBLEMS: COMBUSTION PRODUCES CO 2 ACID RAIN (FROM SULFUR CONTENT) MOST LIMITED QUANTITY OF FUEL TRANSPORT FROM "TROUBLED AREAS" POTENTIAL: EXTENSIVE RESERVES RELATIVE LOW POLLUTING MOST CONVENIENT OF FUELS WHY ARE HYDROCARBONS USED: FUEL OF CHOICE DUE TO HIGH ENERGY CONTENT IN CONVENIENT FORM TRANSPORTATION AND UTILIZATION IS FULLY MATURE WITHIN OUR ECONOMY...

RESOURCE USEAGE PROFILES OVER TIME

Note: Arctic Reserve estimated at 10-20 billion barrels, plus ‘new’ areas Canadian Reserves with Tar Sands ~ 100 billion barrels Russia has unknown additional quantities, Caspian, Siberia, Kamchatka Western USA Oil Shale resource >> Saudi Oil resource.

A piece of Oil Shale The USA has at least 3 Trillion barrels of Oil Equivalent of this resource.

• Carbon, water, impurities • C + O 2



CO 2 • HALF IS CLINKER

Coal

: COAL

US Coal Consumption

• Coal 22 QBtu (23%) • 80% used by electric utilities

Major Coal-Producing States

Coal

• Anthracite

• 22 – 28 million Btu per ton • Not plentiful

• Bituminous

• 19 – 30 million Btu per ton • Most plentiful

• Subbituminous

• 16 – 24 million Btu per ton • Low sulfur content

• Lignite (Brown Coal)

• 9 – 17 million Btu per ton • Local value only

Coal Resources and Consumption

• Global Recoverable • 1,000 billion tons • Global Consumption • 5.2 billion tons/year • US Recoverable • 274 billion tons • US Consumption • 1.1 billion tons/year

Global Coal Resources

• United States 25% • Russia 16% • China 12% • India 9% • Australia 8% • Germany 7% • South Africa 5%

RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE: FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR FUSION (DEUTERIUM) WIND SOLAR OTEC DIRECT GEOTHERMAL HYDROELECTRIC

A major drawback of fission energy: Diversion to bombs

Potential for accidental or intentional containment failure. CHERNOBYL REGION RADIOACTIVITY

Cleanup can be effected by biological and other means

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS: AVAILABLE ONLY IN GEOLOGICALLY ACTIVE REGIONS RELEASED VOLCANIC GASES CONTAIN ACIDS AND OTHER POLLUTANTS REQUIRES MANAGEMENT TO MAINTAIN RESOURCE POTENTIAL: STABLE SOURCE OF POWER, IF MANAGED PROPERLY EARTH CORE HEAT (IF WE CAN GET DOWN TO THE 20 KM LEVELS REQUIRED) IS AN UNLIMITED POWER SOURCE, NOT FEASIBLE TODAY.

ANY APPROACH WHICH REDUCES ENERGY USE IS USEFUL TO EXTEND OUR RESOURCES, I.E.

CONSERVATION IS THE FASTEST METHOD TO GET NEW ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS: DIFFUSE SOURCE OF ENERGY (< 1KILOWATT/SQUARE METER) FEASIBLE USE AT LOCAL SITES AS WELL AS LARGE PLANT SITES DIURNALLY VARIABLE (12-ON_12-OFF), CLOUDS NEED FOR STORAGE/EXCESS COLLECTION SOLAR PONDS, PUMPED RESERVOIRS LONG DISTANCE POWER TRANSMISSION?

COLLECTION IN SOUTHWEST IMPLIES TRANSMISSION TO AREAS WHERE USED... RELATIVELY NON-POLLUTING FABRICATION OF COLLECTORS REQUIRES MANUFACTURING TYPE POLLUTION, NO ATMOSPHERIC OR WATER POLLUTION

LAND AREA REQUIRED TO REPLACE PRESENT ENERGY RESOURCE IS NOT INFEASIBLE AREA TO BE USED INCLUDES ROOFTOPS, NON ARABLE LAND; ECOLOGY, ESTHETICS IMPORTANT SOLAR ENERGY NOW IN USE SOLAR FURNACES: BARSTOW, CA. 100 MW STATION EQUIVALENT TO POWERING 50,000 HOMES PROBLEM: HIGH INSTALLATION COST (PROTOTYPE) ABOUT 10X COAL-FIRED PLANT SIZE OF SOLAR RESOURCE: TO EQUAL ALL PRESENT POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR USA: ~1% OF WESTERN USA ASSUMING 10% EFFICIENCY

WIND POWER: PROBLEMS: WINDS ARE ERRATIC, STORAGE IS REQUIRED WIND SPEEDS BETWEEN 10 AND 30 MPH ARE NEEDED FOR EFFICIENT USE (E.G. MOUNTAINS OR TRADE WIND REGIONS) LARGE AREA WINDMILLS ARE REQUIRED (SOURCE IS 250 WATTS/SQUARE METER OR LESS SO THAT FOOTBALL FIELD SIZE WINDMILL COLLECTS ONE MEGAWATT WINDMILLS ARE NOISY, UNATTRACTIVE, INTRUSIVE, DISRUPT LOCAL TV RECEPTION, ETC.

POTENTIAL: LOW TECHNOLOGY, RELIABLE, INEXPENSIVE LOW POLLUTING EXCEPT FOR ABOVE CAN BE A RESOURCE EQUALING 10% OF NEED

ROOFTOP SOLAR ENERGY USE: FACT: HEATING WATER IS ABOUT 30% OF OUR ENERGY REQUIREMENT...

PROBLEMS: RELATIVELY HIGH INITIAL COSTS, REQUIRES 5 10 YEARS TO RECOVER.

MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED POTENTIAL: LOW TECHNOLOGY, CAN REDUCE ENERGY REQUIREMENT FROM NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES BY 30%!

MORE "HOME SOLAR" OPTIONS SPACE HEATING: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TO USE WALLS, ETC. TO COLLECT, DISTRIBUTE SOLAR HEAT

SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE, INEXPENSIVELY

HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES LIMITED RESOURCE: PRIMARILY IN NW PORTION OF USA, TOTAL RESOURCE IS <10% OF REQUIREMENT PROBLEMS: ECOLOGICALLY DISRUPTIVE DUE TO WATER IMPOUNDMENT, REDUCED WATER FLOW;LIMITED LIFETIME DUE SILTATION, DOWN STREAM EFFECTS EXAMPLES, ASWAN DAM, THREE GORGES DAM (UNDER CONSTRUCTION), HOOVER DAM POTENTIAL: USEFUL AT LIMITED SITES, IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

OCEAN THERMAL-ELECTRIC CONVERSION PROBLEMS: OPERATES A REFRIGERATOR IN REVERSE, CARNOT CYCLE ENGINE OF LOW EFFICIENCY BIOFOULING IN OCEAN VULNERABLE TO HURRICANES LONG DISTANCE FOR POWER TRANSMISSION POTENTIAL: VERY LARGE RESOURCE WITH CONSTANT AVAILABILITY (ENTIRE OCEAN IS ENERGY RESERVOIR) RELIABLE SOURCE, ECONOMICAL, AVAILABLE

PHOTOVOLTAICS DIRECT CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY USING SEMI-CONDUCTORS PROBLEMS: INSTALLATION COST IS HIGH, BUT REPAID IN ABOUT THREE YEARS AT TODAY'S COST (WAS TEN YEARS A DECADE AGO) REQUIRES STORAGE MEANS OR CONNECTION TO PUBLIC ELECTRICITY UTILITY FOR DARK PERIODS REQUIRES MAINTENANCE, CLEANING POTENTIAL: SIZE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC RESOURCE: AT 10% EFFICIENCY: 60 QUADS OF ELECTRICITY WOULD REQUIRE A TOTAL COLLECTION AREA OF 50,000 KM 2 (500 X 100 KILOMETERS) DESIRABILITY/EFFICIENCY/COST, ALL FAVORABLE OVER THE COMING DECADES

Multi-junction Photovoltaics utilize much more of solar spectrum, MORE THAN 30% EFFICIENCY ALREADY ACHIEVED!

Highly Efficient Energy Utilization

Industrial scale Fuel Cells…

EFFICIENCY OF FUEL CELLS: CHEMICAL, NOT THERMAL PROCESS DIRECTLY USES ELECTRICITY WASTE HEAT MUCH LESS THAN OTTO CYCLE ENGINE MAX. EFFICIENCY HEAT ENGINE ~ 25-30% MAX. EFFICIENCY FUEL CELL ~75-80 % WASTE PRODUCTS DEPEND UPON FUEL WATER IN CASE OF HYDROGEN FUEL INTERSTITIAL HYDROGEN IN METALS, EQUALS ENERGY DENSITY OF GASOLINE…

ENERGY RESOURCE AND USEAGE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY POPULATION AND STANDARD OF LIVING...