Transcript 7.1 - The French Revolution

7.1 - The French Revolution
What class of people belonged to the
Second Estate?
• Nobles
Which group of people was the most
heavily influenced by the
Enlightenment?
• Bourgeoisie
Where in France did the sans-culottes
live?
• In the cities
What is the tax paid to the Church by
members of the 3rd Estate?
• Tithe
How much is the tithe?
• 10%
The price of what important food staple
doubled in 1789?
• Bread
The extravagant spending of what
monarchs led to the financial crisis?
• Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI, and
Marie Antoinette
What nickname was given to Marie
Antoinette for her extravagant
spending?
• Madame Deficit
How did Louis XVI propose to solve
the financial crisis?
• Impose taxes on the nobility
What group did Louis XVI call to
approve his new tax?
• Estates General
To what voting system did the 3rd
estate want to change?
• Each delegate would receive one vote
Who is the clergy member who spoke
in favor of the formation of a new
legislative body for France?
• Sieyes
What is the name of the new group formed
by the Third Estate to abolish the monarchy
and create a representative government?
• National Assembly
What is the pledge taken by the
members of the Third Estate to write a
new constitution for France?
• Tennis Court Oath
What is the name of the building the
peasants stormed to obtain weapons
and gun powder?
• The Bastille
Why did the Great Fear break out in
France?
• Rumors spread that nobles were
hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants
What was it that drove thousands of
women to riot and drive the king from
his palace?
• The rising cost of bread
7.2 – Revolution Brings Reform
and Terror
What document was adopted by the
National Assembly as a statement of
the revolutionary ideals?
• Declaration of Rights of Man and of
the Citizen
What is the slogan of the French
Revolution?
• Liberte, Equalite, Fraternite
Who is the revolutionary woman that
wrote her own Declaration of the
Rights of Women?
• Olympe de Gouges
How did the reforms of the National
Assembly affect the Church?
• Sold church lands
• Required priests to be elected and
paid by the state
To where did Louis XVI attempt to flee
when he became concerned for his
safety?
• Austrian Netherlands
The Constitution of 1791 created which
type of government for France?
• Constitutional Monarchy (also
acceptable: limited monarchy)
What is the legislative body created by
the Constitution of 1791?
• Legislative Assembly
How was power distributed by the
Constitution of 1791?
• The Legislative Assembly had the
power to make laws, but the king
retained the power to enforce the laws
The problems of food shortages and government
debt led to the division of the French
government into which three groups?
• Conservatives, Moderates, Radicals
Who were the reactionaries that fled
France in search of aid to restore the
Old Regime?
• Emigres
Who were the radical street dwellers
who wished to push the reforms of the
revolution further?
• Sans-culottes
Which two nations urged the French to
restore the Old Regime and were
answered with a declaration of war?
• Austria and Prussia
How did the Parisian population respond to
rumors the king’s supporters were planning to
break out of prison and seize control of the city?
• They raided the prisons and murdered
1,000+ prisoners in what became
known as the September Massacres
How did the government respond to the
radical actions of the people during the
September Massacres?
• They replaced the monarchy and
Legislative Assembly with a republic
under the National Convention
Who did the National Assembly give
the right to vote?
• All adult men, but not women.
What radical political group led the
radical changes?
• The Jacobin Club
Who were the three most prominent
leaders of the Jacobins?
• Jean Paul Marat, Georges Danton, and
Maximillien Robespierre
What became of Louis XIV when the
National Convention came to power?
• He was convicted of treason and
beheaded by the guillotine
How did the Committee of Public
Safety react to opposition to the
revolution?
• They ordered to arrest and execution
of opponents in what came to be
called the Reign of Terror
Why did the Reign of Terror come to an
end?
• Members of the National Convention
feared for their own safety so they
turned against Robespierre and sent
him to the guillotine
Who did the National Convention put
in charge of the government after the
Reign of Terror in 1795?
• The Directory
7.3 & 7.4
Napoleon
How did Napoleon gain recognition as
a military leader?
He successfully defended the National
Convention against a mob of royalist
rebels who threatened the French
Revolution
Where did Napoleon experience
military success outside of France?
In Italy against the forces of Austria
and the Kingdom of Sardinia
Where did Napoleon experience defeat
against British forces led by Admiral
Hiratio Nelson?
Egypt
How did Napoleon come to lead the
government of France?
He overthrew the Directory by driving
the members of national legislature
out and forcing the remaining leaders
to name him First Consul
What term refers to the quick seizure of
power Napoleon used to gain control?
Coup d’etat
What challenge to his authority did
Napoleon immediately face after seizing
power?
The forces of Britain, Austria, and
Russia joined to fight him in war
How did that conflict turn out?
Napoleon defeated their forces and
compelled them to sign peace treaties
with France
How did Napoleon create the impression
that he had be democratically chosen?
He held a plebiscite to approve a new
constitution that gave him all real
power
How did Napoleon attempt to reform
the financial system in France?
He established more efficient tax
collection & a national bank; both
actions provided the government
money and control over the economy
How did Napoleon attempt to reform
the political system?
He fired corrupt officials and
established schools (lycees) to train
government agents who were
appointed based on ability rather than
family connections
How did Napoleon attempt to reform
religion in France?
He signed a concordat with Pope Pius
VII to restored the Church, but
maintained the separation between
church and state
How did Napoleon attempt to reform
the legal system in France?
He revised the laws to make them more
uniform under the Napoleonic Code
How did the Napoleonic Code limit rights
and government control over people?
Free speech & press were restricted;
Slavery was restored in the French
Caribbean
What action at the coronation of
Napoleon displays his arrogance?
When he took his crown from the Pope
so he could crown himself
What event lead Napoleon to decide to give
up his dream of a French empire in the
New World?
The slave revolt and independence
movement in Haiti
Who led the slave uprising in Haiti?
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Why did Napoleon decide to sell the
Louisiana Purchase to the USA?
He needed the $15 million to pay his
war debts and he believed the USA
would pose a threat to the British
empire
As Napoleon built his European empire by
conquering the Netherlands & parts of Italy,
which country was the only one to resist him?
Britain
In which battle did the British succeed in
breaking Napoleon’s unchecked expansion?
Battle of Trafalgar
What three disastrous mistakes did
Napoleon make that ended his empire?
1. The Continental System
2. The Peninsular War
3. The Invasion of Russia
What did the Continental System
attempt to do?
Make Europe self-sufficient by cutting
trade with England by using a
blockade
Why did Napoleon’s blockade fail?
The British navy was stronger,
smugglers broke the blockade, and his
allies ignored it
How did the British blockade of Europe
impact the United States?
US ships were seized and sailors
impressed to serve in the British
navy; the conflict resulted in the
War of 1812
Why did Napoleon send troops to
Portugal through Spain?
To force Portugal to follow the
Continental System
Why did the Spanish people object to
Napoleon’s troops marching through Spain?
They feared Napoleon would weaken
the power of the Catholic Church in
Spain as he had done in France
Who did Napoleon put on the throne of
Spain?
His brother, Joseph
What were the Spanish peasant fighters
called that operated in small roving groups?
guerillas
Why did Napoleon decide to invade
Russia?
Napoleon was angry Russia’s czar
refused to stop selling grain to Britain
and he distrusted Alexander’s designs
on Poland
How did Alexander respond to the
invading French Grand Army?
He ordered a retreat and the use of a
scorched-earth policy
What was the farthest point of attack
the French troops were able to make?
Moscow
Why did the French fail to conquer
Moscow?
The troops were unprepared for the
harsh conditions of the Russian winter
After Napoleon’s enemies united against
him and defeated him, to where was he
exiled?
The island of Elba
Why did Napoleon decide to return to
France from exile?
To overthrow Louis XVIII, who had
grown unpopular as people feared he
would try to turn back the effects of
the Revolution
What was the last time period in which
Napoleon ruled France called?
The Hundred Days
Where did Napoleon have his final
showdown battle with the British &
Prussians?
The Battle of Waterloo
To where was Napoleon sent the second
time he was defeated?
St. Helena
7.5 – The Congress of Vienna
What was the overall goal of the
Congress of Vienna?
• The establishment of stability and
collective security in Europe
Which five nations dominated the
Congress of Vienna?
• Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great
Britain, and France
Which man stood out as the leader of
the Congress of Vienna
• Austrian prince Klemens von
Metternich
What were Metternich’s three steps for
the restoring Europe to its previous
condition?
(1)Contain France by surrounding it
with powerful nations
(2)Create a balance of power to
discourage nations for expanding
(3)Restore legitimate monarchs to the
thrones of Europe
Which alliance was created by Russia,
Prussia, and Austria to maintain
Christian values in Europe?
• The Holy Alliance
Which alliance was created by the nations
of Europe to support the conditions created
by the Congress of Vienna?
• Concert of Europe
How did the actions of Napoleon and
the Congress of Vienna impact
conditions in the Americas?
• Creole leaders rose up in rebellion
against the peninsulares and declared
their independence from European
rule
What was the long-term legacy of the
French Revolution and the
Congress of Vienna?
• Europe was reshaped both physically
and politically.
• Nationalism spread and set into
motion further forms.
• European colonies in the Americas
began their independence movements.
Don’t forget to study the political
spectrum chart as well.
THE END