Transcript Слайд 1 - Zoological

Microbiological research
onboard the ISS and
planetary protection with
a special reference to
dormancy problem
Natalia Novikova
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russia
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTOR
OF SPACE FLIGHT
Automicroflora
of crew members
Original microbiota
of decorative-finish
and structural materials,
gaseous and liquid
environments
Microbial
contamination of
interior and equipment
at the phases of
assembly and preflight
preparation
Contamination by
microorganisms
in the course of
loads delivery for
space object
construction in
near Earth’s orbit
Formation of microbial community
in the internal volume of space vehicle
Evolution of microbial community due to the specifically changed
environment of space vehicle and cosmophysic factors
Devolvement of medical and technical (technological) risks
associated with the existence of microorganisms in space vehicle
The system of preventive measures, scheduled sanitary-hygienic operations,
methods, means, and technologies to counteract and mitigate microbiological risks
Hardware used for microbiological sampling
of air in the ISS
Refrigerator – Thermostat
“Criogem-03”
“Ecosphere” kit
Hardware used for microbiological sampling
of internal surfaces and equipment in the
ISS
View of the inside of
the surface pipette kit
View of the outside of
the surface pipette kit
77species of microorganisms
were found
Fungi
Bacteria
14 genera
11 genera
36 species
41 species
Including
Opportunistic pathogens
BACTERIA
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus sp.
Bacillus cereus
Opportunistic pathogens
FUNGI
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus niger
Candida parapsilosis
Rhodoturula Rubra
FUNGI – biodestructors
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus versicolor
Penicillium aurantiogriseum
Cladosporium herbarum,
Cladosporium cladosporioides
Ulocladium botrytis
MICROBIOLOGICAL RISKS IN SPACE FLIGHT
Microbiological risks in space flight
Medical
Technical (technological)
Microflora of crew members
Dysbacterioses
Autoinfections
Cross-infections
Microflora of the environment
Resident colonization of structural materials
of interior and equipment in pressurized
modules and components by opportunistic
pathogens, fungi-biodegraders
and agents causing metallic corrosion
Direct or indirect biodegradation
of polymers
Initiation of corrosion of metals
Formation of independent sources
of infection and reservoirs
of opportunistic pathogens
in the environment
Formation of biofilms in the water
and in other kinds of systems
Biointerference, failure and
malfunctioning of items and equipment
FUNGAL GROWTH IN THE INTERIOR
OF ORBITAL STATION «SALYUT-7»
CONTAMINATION OF WINDOW BY MOLD
FUNGI IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
GROWTH OF MOLD FUNGI ON THE
COMMUNICATION DEVICE WHITE
AND BLACK TUBES
GROWTH OF MOLD FUNGI ON THE
COMMUNICATION DEVICE INSULATION BLOCK
Fungal Growth on the Fire Detecter
Biocorrosion of the Fire Detecter
Needle
MATERIALS BIODEGRADATION
RUBBER
TITANIUM
MATERIALS BIODEGRADATION
ELECTRICAL TAPE
ALUMINIUM
DAMAGES of ALUMINIUM
2 мм
A SYSTEM OF MEASURES AIMED AT PROVIDING
MICROBIAL SAFETY OF THE ORBITAL STATION
Crew anti -microbial
measures
Antimicrobial measures applied to the space station modules
and LSS components, transport vehicles and deliveries
Preflight
Comprehensive
microbiologic and
immunology
investigation
Restrained social
contacts and
observation regimen in
the preflight period
Use of personal
hygienic means
medical kits
Establishment of microbial
requirements to water, foods,
gaseous environment, and interior
of habitable modules of the space
station and transport vehicles
Testing of decorative and
structural materials for
microbial resistance
Implementation of biologic
cleanness requirements during
assembly, outfitting and preflight
treatment of the compartments
in transport and cargo vehicles,
and deliveries
Pre-launch disinfection of space
modules and vehicles,
collection and analysis of
microbial samples
In flight
Periodic collection and analysis of
microbial samples of air, surfaces
structural materials and water
Cleanup of habitable
compartments with the use of
antimicrobic means, treatment
with Fungistat to stop microbial
degradation
Decontamination of the gaseous
environment by the POTOK unit
Pasteurization of regenerated
water before use
Inspection of the interior and
equipment in the habitable
compartments in order to detect
spots with signs of microbial
degradation
Problems
Lately (14-17 basic expeditions)
the quality a sanitarymicrobiological conditions of FGB
module has decreased. This
includes exceeding normative
parameters of microorganisms’,
mostly fungi, presence in FGB
environment and on surfaces.
Exceeding of standard on
microorganisms contents in FGB during
ISS-15, 16 and ISS-17 flights
Air: 98th day of the flight of ISS-16 and 197th day of
the flight of ISS-17 CFU/ m3
(standard given in ISS MORD 50 260 :
bacterium 1000 CFU/m3, fungi 100 CFU /m3)
Sampling
areas
FGB
Fungi
Fungi
242
1056
Contamination
on the panel 408
FGB
Surfaces: 168th day of the flight of ISS-15
CFU / 100 cm2
(standard given in ISS MORD 50 260 :
bacterium 10,000 CFU/ 100 cm2, fungi 100 CFU /100 cm2)
Tested surfaces
Bacterium
Fungi
FGB, behind the panel
230
1,5х102
1,2х105
FGB, on the panel 408:
contamination area
2,8х104
4,0х104
FGB, on the panel 404:
contamination area
8,5х104
5,0х101
SM, behind the panel
139
3,8х104
Non
detectet
SM, niche
3,8х104
2,4х106
Reasons

Unauthorized usage of FGB for
washdowns and wet towels and
clothes drying by crew members
FGB : Panel 406
Problem solutions KIT
FUNGISTAT
Problem solutions
“Potok 150MK”
Apparently the onboard operation
of the air sterilization device
“Potok 150MK” was beneficial for
the reduction of microbial air
contamination of SM.
 In January 2009 the second “Potok
150MK” was delivered to ISS and
was disposed in FGB.

POTOK 150MK unit for International
Space Station, module Zvezda
POTOK technology
Air sterilisation and fine filtration
The main technical data :
- Efficiency of sterilization
- 99…100%
- Efficiency of filtration
particle size 0,01…10
micron - up to 99%
- Weight – 9 kg
- Dimension
420*322*360 mm
Inactivation through the combination of
field and current effects
Electro
pre-filter
1
2
Inactivation
zone
3
Zone of
nanofiltration and
bio-destruction
Mechanism of action of POTOK
technology
Before
Effects
After
Total structural destruction
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Multiple perforation of
membrane
(Pseudomonas fluorescens)
Explosion of cytoplasm and cell
membrane deformation
(Micrococcus luteus)
Method : Electronic microscopy / Cryofractography – ultra-thin sections
The development of new means and
methods for providing materials
antimicrobial resistance
Biocides
Application of various biocides as liquid means of
cleansing has a number of disadvantages. They
are:
- Large labor expenditures for the executive;
- Short-term effect;
- Necessity of periodic repetition of a cleansing;
- Poor efficiency in case of violation of the
application technology when the part of the
material remains untreated;
- Toxicity for human.
GROWTH FUNGI ON A MATERIAL
(after application by a biocide)
GROWTH FUNGI ON A MATERIAL
(after application by a biocide)
New method for protection
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The most perspective model of
protection is the creation of such
material where the biocide is fixed with
its surface and forms molecular layer.
The advantages of this method are the
following:
- the technological characteristics of the
material in its volume do not change;
- high concentration of a biocide is
formed on the surface;
- due to chemical bond with the surface
of material the prolonged effect of
protection is provided.
EXPERIMENTAL CLIMATE
CHAMBER
Scheme of Experimental chamber
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1 – Thermostat;
2 - Drum;
3 – Drum's slide rails;
4 – Holder with the specimens;
5 –Flat low freqiency electromagnetic
radiator;
6 – Pin antennae of high frequency
radiator;
7 – Temperature sensor;
8 – Humidity sensor;
9 - Electrolyte bath (CAM);
10 –Ventilator;
11 – Heater;
13 -Support;
14 –Neutron and gamma sources;
15 –Radiation shielding;
12 -Window;
Selection of material samples
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I. ALUMINUM FOIL AMG-6
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II. ORGANIC GLASS
(Polymethylmethacrylate)
ALUMINUM FOIL AMG-6
ORGANIC GLASS
(Polymethylmethacrylate)
Result of the research
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Anti-microbial film coatings with
different biocide concentration have
been developed and prepared.
On the basis of these complexes
compositions have been derived and
coatings have been formed on the
substrates from aluminum allow and
polymethylmetacrillate (PMMA).
Space experiment «Biorisk»
Petri dish with sistem
«microorganisms structural material»
Equipment
for the “Biorisk” experiment
Microorganisms used in the
“Biorisk” experiment
FUNGI
BACTERIA
Aspergillus
versicolor
Bacillus pumilus
Penicillium
expansum
Bacillus
licheniformis
Cladosporium
cladosporioides
Bacillus subtilis
Cells of Bacillus subtilis
After flight
Before flight
Hyphae of Aspergillus versicolor
After flight
Before flight
zone absence
Sensitivity of B.licheniformis to antibiotics
of grow th
(mm)
35
biseptol
30
rifampicin
25
tetracycline
20
kanamycin
15
karbenycillin 10
5
neomycin
0
ristomycin
before flight
after flight
Dynamics of P.expansum acid
formation
pH
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
a day
2.5
0
2
3
6
8
experiment
control – before flight;
experiment – after 7 months of exposure in outer space
10
13
control
15
Biological objects used in the 2-nd stage of
“Biorisk” experiment
BACTERIA
Bacillus subtilis ; Bacillus subtilis;
Bacillus pumilus; Bacillus
licheniformis.
FUNGI
Aspergillus sydowii ; Aspergillus
versicolor ; Penicillium
aurantiogresium ; Penicillium
expansum
ANIMALS
Daphnia magna; Daphnia pulicarias;
Streptocephalus torvicornis; Artemia
salina; Eucypris species; Polypedium
vanderplanki; Nothobranchius
guenhteri
SEEDS
Brassica rapa; Aabidopsis
thaliana;Naruna nijo
«BIORISK» outer space experiment onboard Russian
segment of ISS
Biorisk-MSN canisters and their location on
the PIRS Docking compartment
Germinated «space» seeds of Hordeum vulgare cv. Haruna Nijo
and plants of radish Raphanus sativus strain «Cherry Bomb»,
planted from “space” seeds
Growth of Bacillus subtilis # Sleeping chironomid larvae
24 after 13 month of exposure “Nemuri-usurika” rehydrated
to outer space on the outer side after 13 months in outer space
of ISS
Reactivation of “space” and control Artemia
Experiment EXPOSE-R (started 10.03.2009)
Containers , where assembled samples are placed
Assembled container with samples. The
diameters of the openings are from 7 to 10 mm.
UV irradiation passing from 0 to 100%
General view of EXPOSE-R
Location of biological samples in the
trays of EXPOSE-R
Pressurized Teflon packages 77 mm and 1010 mm with biological
samples (spores of fungi, dried embryos of lower crustaceans, dried
chironomid larvae, seeds of plant)
Trays with fixed Teflon
packages containing
biological samples
THE PROGRAM OF “PHOBOSGRUNT”
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In October this year, in the frame of
“Phobos-Grunt” program, Russian
automatic spacecraft with sample
return mission will be launched to
Phobos, one of the moons of Mars. The
main aim of this experiment is to return
a soil sample from Phobos to Earth. At
the same time, containers containing
more than 60 different biological
samples in latent forms will be installed
in the same spacecraft for further
returning to Earth, together with the
Phobos soil sample. At the moment we
conduct preparation of the biological
samples for this flight.
THE PROGRAM OF “PHOBOSGRUNT”
The goal of this experiment is
Investigation of the survivability
of resting stages of different
organisms under conditions of
long-duration space flight to
solving different tasks related to
planetary quarantine and
astrobiology.
THE PROGRAM OF “PHOBOS-GRUNT”
MISSION PLANETARY PROTECTION
Thank you
for your attention!