Transcript Writing Clearly and Concisely

APA Chapter 3

Organization
 Consider
the best length and structure of the
information you want to share.
 Strengthened the impact of your writing by
ordering your thoughts logically, both at the
paragraph and at the sentence level

 The
Length
optimal length is the amount of pages
needed to effectively communicate the
primary ideas of the paper.
 Levels
and headings establish the hierarchy
of sections via format or appearance.
 Use headings to effectively organize ideas
within the paper as well as seriation to
highlight important items within sections
 Topics of equal importance have the same
level of heading throughout the paper.
 Avoid having only one subsection heading and
subsection without headings
 Continuity
in Presentation of Ideas
(continuity in works, concepts and thematic
development. Using punctuation marks to
show relationship between ideas, transitional
words APA page 65)
 Smoothness of Expression
(Scientific prose and creative writing serve
different purposes. Devices often found in
creative writing are confusing for scientific
prose readers)
 Tone
(Scientific writing contrasts the positions of
different researches with professionalism)
 Economy
of Expression
(Say only what needs to be said)
 Wordiness impede the ready grasp of
ideas –there were several students
who completed
-several students completed
 Redundancy - they were both alike
 Word
Choice
Articles by psychologists like Skinner and
Watson –incorrect
Articles by psychologists including Skinner
and Watson -correct
 Colloquial expressions
-quite a large part
 Jargon
 Pronouns
Are confusing unless the referent is obvious.
A
paragraph is a collection of related
sentences dealing with a single topic.
 Good paragraphing also greatly assists your
readers in following a piece of writing.
 You can have fantastic ideas, but if those
ideas aren't presented in an organized
fashion, you will lose your readers (and fail
to achieve your goals in writing).
 If
you begin to transition into a new idea, it
belongs in a new paragraph.
 You can have one idea and several bits of
supporting evidence within a single
paragraph.
 You can also have several points in a single
paragraph as long as they relate to the
overall topic of the paragraph.
 If the single points start to get long, then
perhaps elaborating on each of them and
placing them in their own paragraphs is the
route to go.
Unity,
Coherence,
A
Topic Sentence, and
Adequate Development
 The
entire paragraph should concern itself
with a single focus.
 If it begins with a one focus or major point of
discussion, it should not end with another or
wander within different ideas.
 Coherence
is the trait that makes the
paragraph easily understandable to a reader.
 You can help create coherence in your
paragraphs by creating
 logical
bridges, and
 verbal bridges.
 The
same idea of a topic is carried over from
sentence to sentence
 Successive sentences can be constructed in
parallel form
 Key
words can be repeated in several
sentences
 Synonymous words can be repeated in
several sentences
 Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous
sentences
 Transition words can be used to link ideas
from different sentences
A
topic sentence is a sentence that indicates
in a general way what idea or thesis the
paragraph is going to deal with.
 Although not all paragraphs have clear-cut
topic sentences, an easy way to make sure
your reader understands the topic of the
paragraph is to put your topic sentence near
the beginning of the paragraph.
 The
topic (which is introduced by the topic
sentence) should be discussed fully and
adequately.
 This varies from paragraph to paragraph,
depending on the author's purpose, but
writers should beware of paragraphs that
only have two or three sentences. It's a
pretty good bet that the paragraph is not
fully developed if it is that short.
 Use
examples and illustrations
 Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details,
and others)
 Examine testimony (what other people say
such as quotes and paraphrases)
 Use an anecdote or story
 Define terms in the paragraph
 Compare and contrast
 Evaluate
causes and reasons
 Examine effects and consequences
 Analyze the topic
 Describe the topic
 Offer a chronology of an event (time
segments)
 Means
that you expressed the author’s
information or ideas in your own words and
have given that person credit for that
information or idea.
 Changing
a few words here and there is
still considered plagiarism even if you do
cite the author
(APA Manual,6th ed., pp. 170-171
 Plagiarism
is the use of another person’s
ideas or words without giving them the
proper credit.
 Plagiarism can occur when you use someone
else’s exact words without giving them
credit, taking credit for someone else’s
ideas, or even presenting your own past work
as a new idea.