Transcript OAD313 Computer Applications in Business II: Introduction

SOC3073 Sociology of
Community:
Emergence of Cities
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
1
Devotions
“And now let Pharaoh look for a discerning and wise man
and put him in charge of the land of Egypt. Let Pharaoh
appoint commissioners over the land to take a fifth of
the harvest of Egypt during the seven years of
abundance. They should collect all the food of these
good years that are coming and store up the grain
under the authority of Pharaoh, to be kept in the cities
for food. This food should be held in reserve for the
country, to be used during the seven years of famine
that will come upon Egypt, so that the country may not
be ruined by the famine.”
Genesis 41:33-36 (NIV)
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
2
Emergence of Cities
References
Childe, V. Gordon. 1950. “The Urban Revolution.” Town
Planning Review 21:4-7.
Palen, J. John. 2002. The Urban World. 6th ed. New York:
The McGraw-Hill Companies. Incorporated.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
3
Emergence of Cities
Two Theoretical Approaches
Human Ecology (Order Paradigm)
This theoretical approach will be used for
most of this chapter
Political Economy (Conflict Paradigm)
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
4
Human Ecology
Human ecology (for our field of study-urban ecology) studies the physical
ecosystem of society--in this case the
urban area
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
5
Human Ecology
Definition of Ecosystem
A natural unit in which there is an
interaction of an environmental and a
biotic system--that is, a community
together with its habitat. At the upper
extreme, the whole earth is a world
ecosystem.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
6
Human Ecology
In biology, the composition of various life forms is
determined by the more “dominant” life forms.
Did you ever notice that the vegetation on the
ground in a dense woods is quite different than
the vegetation in an open field? Did you know
that the types of animals can be different. Trees
are usually a dominant life form--when there is
a large cluster of trees--those trees “determine”
what types of life forms are going to “co-exist”
within the same space.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
7
Human Ecology
Human ecology studies the
“ecosystem” of the physical
part of society. Many physical
components of human society
have “ecosystem”
relationships.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
8
Human Ecology
For example: When an urban area grows to a
certain size---it becomes “dominant” and
changes the social activities in the outlying
areas well beyond the legal city limits.
Compare Mount Vernon’s impact on Centerburg as
opposed to Columbus’s impact on Centerburg
Note: Centerburg is closer to Mount Vernon than
Columbus----and Mount Vernon is the county
seat for Knox County (both cities are located
within Knox County)---which one is more
dominant?
Tuesday, July 21,
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
2015
Bolender
9
Human Ecology
Urban ecologists study urban
spatial and social growth patterns
in terms of changes in the
system, using a set of categories
known as the “ecological
complex.”
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
10
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex
The ecological complex identifies the
relationship between four concepts or classes of
variables
Population
Organization
Environment
Technology
Sometimes “Social” is added as a fifth concept
POET
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
or POETS
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
11
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex: POET
Population
Refers not only to the number of people but
also to growth or decrease through either
migration or natural increase
Example: Houston, Texas has grown due to
immigration trends from the frost belt cities (1975
to the present)
Also refers to the composition of the
population by variables such as age, sex, and
race
Tuesday, July 21,
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
2015
Bolender
12
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex: POET
Organization (or social structure)
The way urban populations are organized
according to social stratification, the political
system, and the economic system.
Example: Houston’s political and related tax
system encourages population growth through
immigration
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
13
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex: POET
Environment
Refers to the natural environment and the
built environment
Natural environment
• Houston’s absence of snow
Built environment
• Includes streets, parks, buildings, etc.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
14
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex: POET
Technology
Refers to tools, inventions, ideas, and
techniques that directly impact on urban
growth and form.
Example: Houston could not be the city it is today
without both private automobiles and airconditioning.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
15
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex: POET
Independent and Dependent Variables
Each of the four variables is causally interdependent;
depending on the way a problem is stated, each may
serve as either an independent (or thing-explaining) or a
dependent (thing-to-be-explained) variable.
In sociological research, organization is commonly viewed
as the “dependent variable” to be influenced by the
other three “independent variables,” but a more
sophisticated view of organization sees it as reciprocally
related to the other elements of the ecological complex.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
16
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex: POET
Strength and Weakness
Strength
A major advantage of the ecological complex as a
conceptual scheme is its simplicity, since economy of
explanation is a basic scientific goal.
Weakness
Perhaps the greatest limitation of the original
ecological complex is that it subsumes cultural values
under the variable of organization, while a very
strong case can be made that culture should be a
separate reference variable in its own right. POETS
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
17
Human Ecology:
Ecological Complex: POET
ICA: POET Worksheet
Step One
Spend 15 minutes completing the worksheet
Step Two
Break into groups and spend 10 minutes
sharing responses from the worksheet
Step Three
General class discussion of worksheet
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
18
Political Economy
Political Economic Models
Based on the Conflict Paradigm
Historic connection to Karl Marx’s view of
conflict (the “haves” versus the “have-nots”)
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
19
Political Economy
All models have common characteristics
Urban growth is largely a consequence of capitalist
economic system of capital accumulation
Conflict between classes
Economic exploitation of the powerless by the rich
and powerful
Societal interaction is dominated by antagonistic
social relationships
Social development is unstable in societies with
antagonistic owner relationships
Power inequality is a basic element in societal
Tuesday, July
21,
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
relationships
2015
Bolender
20
Political Economy
The capitalistic mode of production
and capital accumulation are seen
as being manipulated by real
estate speculators and business
elites for their private profit.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
21
Political Economy
Suburbanization, for example, would not be
viewed as resulting from individual
choices made possible by access to outer
land through streetcars and automobiles,
but rather as the deliberate decision of
economic elites to disinvest in the city and
to manipulate suburban real estate
markets.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
22
Political Economy
Strength and Weakness
Strength
Attention to the economic elites on political decision
making and the role played by real estate speculators
Weakness
The assumption that local government acts largely at
the bidding of economic elites, and thus citizens’
wishes have little impact on growth patterns or local
government
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
23
Urban Revolution:
First and Second
The first city was far more than an enlarged
village--it was a clear break with the past,
a whole new set of social institutions. . . It
was “pre-eminently a social process, an
expression more of change in man’s
interaction with his fellows than in his
interaction with his environment.”
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
24
Urban Revolution:
First and Second
Once begun, the urban revolution created
its own environment. Inventions that have
made large settlements possible have
been due to the city itself:
Writing
Accounting
Bronze
The solar calendar
Bureaucracy
Beginning of science
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
25
Urban Revolution:
First and Second
Features of the First Urban Revolution










Permanent settlement in dense aggregations
Nonagriculturalists engaging in specialized functions
Taxation and capital accumulation
Monumental public buildings
A ruling class
The technique of writing
The acquisition of predictive sciences--arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy
Artistic expression
Trade for vital materials
The replacement of kinship by residence as the basis for membership in the
community
(Childe 1950)
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
26
Urban Revolution:
First and Second
The Second Urban Revolution
The cause of this revolution was- - - -
The Industrial Revolution
Primary contributing technology for the
Industrial Revolution----in 1767 Watt
invented a usable steam engine
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
27
Urban Revolution:
First and Second
The second urban revolution was
not the emergence of cities but
rather the changes that for the
first time made it possible for
more than 10 percent of the
population to live in urban places.
Tuesday, July 21,
2015
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
28
Urban Revolution:
The Future Third Revolution
Dr. Bolender conjectures that the third urban
revolution will be caused by the new technology
commonly known as the. . .
Internet
Generically known as the world of cyberspace.
This phenomena will impact both the urban
world and the future of community and
community development (to be discussed later
in this course).
Tuesday, July 21,
© 1999-2003 by Ronald Keith
2015
Bolender
29