Transcript Slide 1
Bellringer (Please answer completely on your bellringer handout Sir Glaton Francis, a psychologist believed that greatness and intelligence ran in families and was passed down from generation to generation. He also believed that the wealthiest people were the most intelligent. What factors other than heredity might shape a person’s behavior? (Give at least 2 examples) What explanation other than heredity might explain why Galton found that greatness runs in the family? (Give 2 examples) History or Psychology Notes Follow along on your handout These will go in your binder for binder check Let’s Experiment Use your fingertips to feel the surface of your head. Pay close attention to the location of any bumps or indentations. On the profile images provided, draw a (+) in sections where your skull has a little bump, and a (-) where it has an indentation. Compare your skull with the phrenology map given. A bump would mean you have a little extra of a certain quality A indentation would mean you are slightly deficient Do you find this “science” to be very accurate? Origins Early Greeks - decided that humans determined their own behavior (rather than the gods). 1600’s - French philosopher, René Descartes reasoned that the mind controlled the body’s movements, sensations, and perceptions. Historical Approaches Structuralism William Wundt is credited with establishing Psychology as its own separate field Asked-> How does the mind work? Used “introspection” to study how the mind worked Introspection method of self-observation trained participants reported their thoughts and Wundt tried to map out the basic structure of the thought process Ex: Wundt's research assistants might describe an object such as an apple in terms of the basic perceptions it invoked "cold", "crisp", and "sweet”. Historical Approaches Inheritable Traits Sir Francis Galton raised the issue of whether behavior is determined by heredity or environment. (Nature v. Nurture) He encouraged “good” marriages to supply the world with talented offspring. He developed the predecessors of modern personality tests and intelligence tests. Historical Approaches Functionalism William James “Father of Psychology” in the U.S. Believed that activities of the mindthinking, feeling, learning and remembering – served to help us survive as a species Worked to uncover how mental processes help humans/animals adapt to their environment. Historical Approaches Gestalt Psychology several German psychologists argued that perception is more than the sum of its parts ex: a chair is not just a combination of legs and seat . . . It’s a chair “Gestalt” is German for “whole pattern” What do you see when you look at this image? Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Unconscious motivations influence our behavior. Ex: How have negative childhood experiences affected the way I handle stressful situations? He used “free association” and dream analysis to study unconscious processes. Note Break Free Association Circle In a free association you will say the first thing you think about when hearing what another player says. Anything is valid, as long as it is not preconceived or inappropriate for the classroom. Everyone stands in a circle and we will establish a rhythm, by swinging a hand. Once a rhythm is established, one player starts by “tossing” a word to his neighbor, who associates on the word and tosses another word to his neighbor. Free Association Individual On a piece of paper (without your name), write the first thing that comes to mind when I read a particular word. We will switch papers at random, and try to interpret what the associations “mean.” 1. Time 2. Death 3. Red 4. Mother 5. Fear 6. Home 7. school 8. Friend 9. Love 10. Hate Free Association- What does it mean? What, if anything, can you determine about the person whose list you are viewing? What are some difficulties in analyzing a whole personality based on so few responses? Contemporary Approaches Behavioral Psychology Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), John B. Watson (1878-1958), and B.F. Skinner (1904-1990). Events in the environment (rewards/punishments) influence our behavior Ex: Can good study habits be learned? Contemporary Approaches Humanistic Psychology 1960’s Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May Individual or self-directed choices influence our behavior. The environment and outside forces serve only as a background to our own internal personal growth. Each person is unique and has a self concept and potential to develop. Ex: Do I believe I can prepare for and pass this test? Contemporary Approaches Cognitive Psychology 1950’s -Jean Piaget How we process, store, and retrieve information influences our behavior. Includes perceptions, memories, expectations Ex: How does caffeine affect memory? Contemporary Approaches Biological Psychology Psychobiologists study how the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence our behavior. Recent discoveries include the link between chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) and behavior. Contemporary Approaches Sociocultural Psychology Ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence our behavior. Ex: How do people of different genders and ethnicities interact with one another? Review Worksheet Complete the worksheet to the best of your ability Make sure your name is on it Turn in to the drawer when finished Exit Slip Which approach to psychology do you think is most effective in learning about behavior and solving problems? (Explain your answer.)