Transcript Lesson 2b – Origins of the Cold War

LESSON 2D – ORIGINS OF THE COLD
WAR
Essential Question
How did the US and the Soviet Union become Cold
War adversaries?
Learning Outcomes - Students will:
• Preview – Iron Curtain?
• Case Study: Berlin Blockade
Success Criteria
I can look at previous Paper 2 questions involving
Germany and the development of the Cold War
VOCAB
Berlin Blockade
SED
Coup d’etat
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Collective security
Warsaw Pact
Satellite States
LONG-TERM PROBLEMS
WITH GERMANY
Different aims for Germany
• The USSR did not want a resurgent
and threatening Germany. It also
wanted US$20 billion in reparations.
• France also feared Germany
• US and UK wanted an economically
strong Germany to combat
communism
Mistrust of the other side
• Both sides feared a powerful
Germany may join the other side
DISAGREEMENTS
Economic Disagreements
• At Potsdam, the allies agreed that the
Soviets would take 25% of industrial
equipment from the Western zone if the
USSR gave them food and raw
materials
•
USSR didn’t give enough food so
resources stopped
• USSR wanted coal, but the US shipped
it to Western Europe instead
DISAGREEMENTS
Political Disagreements
• Stalin merges all political parties into the
SED (Socialist Unity Party)
•
•
Seen as the Soviets trying to bring
Germany under the Soviet Sphere of
Influence
Failed to win support in the Western
zones
• The west decided to merge their zones
together
•
•
•
Planned a new constitution, which
Stalin’s spies found out
Created a new currency
Stalin believed this was the beginning
of a new Germany
BERLIN BLOCKADE
23rd June 1948 - To force the West out of
Berlin, Stalin blockades the West from
Berlin
•
All railways, roads and waterways
blocked
West Choice
•
•
Don’t want to risk a war
Don’t want Berlin to fall to the
communists
To avoid war, the West decided to
bypass the blockade entirely by airlifting
supplies to West Berlin.
•
•
Over 320 days, the West flew
200,000 flights to Berlin, supplying
over 1 ½ million tons of food and
coal to 2.2 million West Berliners at
a cost of $100 million.
1 plane landed every three minutes
and had 7 minutes to unload.
RESULTS OF THE
BERLIN BLOCKADE
• May 1949 – Stalin ends the
blockade as he realizes he cannot
get the West out of Berlin without
using force
• First major confrontation of the
Cold War
• War seemed like a distinct
possibility
• Reinforced suspicions about Stalin
• Germany will remained divided
• The countries of West (May ‘49)
and East (Oct ‘49) Germany were
established and Berlin remained
divided
NATO VS.
WARSAW PACT
1949 – NATO is formed
• led by the US and 11 others
• Pledge that an attack on one is an
attack on all of them (collective
security)
• West Germany admitted in 1954
1955 – Warsaw Pact is formed
• Led by the Soviets and its satellite
states
• Before the Blockade, there was a
clear economic and political divide
in Europe. Now there was also a
military divide – all elements of the
Cold War had now fallen into place.
PAPER 2 - EXAM QUESTION 1 (2002)
Analyse the role of Germany in the origin and development of
the Cold War (20 marks)
Negotiations about the future of Germany before the end of the Second
World War, the division of Germany and Berlin, Berlin blockade and airlift
1948-1949, Bizonia, currency, division into the Federal Republic of
Germany (west) and the German Democratic Republic (east) could all be
relevant, but they must be analysed within the context of the Cold War. The
building of the Berlin Wall, 1961 would probably serve as a suitable end
date.
[8 to 10 marks] will be scored for a narrative touching on some of the
above with implicit analysis.
[11 to 13 marks] answers require a more detailed account and explicit
analysis.
[14 to 16 marks] should be awarded for a structured analytical essay
focused on Germany’s role in the Cold War.
[17+ marks] might be awarded for different interpretations.
PAPER 2 - EXAM QUESTION 2 (2003)
For what reasons, and with what results, was Germany a
centre of Cold War tension between 1945 and 1961? (20
marks)
This covers another well known area. Reasons could include Germany’s
geographical situation, her twentieth century pre-Cold War history, Second World
War settlement of Germany with division and reparations and the subsequent
disagreements between East and West. Results should include at least some of the
following: Allied Control Council; four sectors; Berlin Blockade and airlift; Marshall
Plan; split into Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic;
West joins NATO; Refugees from East to West; Berlin Wall.
The overall result of tension over Germany was increasing bitterness and suspicion
between the two sides in the Cold War.
[0 to 7 marks] for brief unconnected statements about the Cold War in general.
[8 to 10 marks] for narrative of some of the above events with implicit reasons and
results.
[11 to 13 marks] for a detailed factual account with some explicit focused
assessment.
[14 to 16 marks] for specific evidence and analysis to support reasons and results.
[17+ marks] for excellent coverage, interpretation and balanced judgment.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
The Czechs had a democratically
elected government dominated by
communists but also included
noncommunist party
Feb ‘48 – Stalin places troops along
the Czech border demanding only
communists in the government
• Soviet troops seize control in a
coup d’etat (sudden seizure of gov’t
by military force)
• Communists arrested, tried and
jailed all those that opposed them,
ending free speech and forced
farmers to give up land
HUNGARY
Oct ‘56 – Hungarians staged a
rebellion
• Aim was to break free from
Soviet domination
Soviet leaders quickly sent tanks
and Red Army troops
• Killed thousands of
protesters
• Placed pro-Soviet gov’t back
into power
• Leader of rebellion, Nagy,
was sentenced to death
• Expected help from the US,
but none was given
WhatUS
actions
didpolicy
the US
take in
Europe
to contain the
threat not?
of
Was
foreign
toward
Europe
successful?
Why/why
communism?