AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction

Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School Spring 2009

Human/Environment Interaction  This theme includes:   Demography & Disease  Demography is the statistical study of human populations Migrations   Patterns of Settlement Technology

Paleolithic Era: Demography Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant

Paleolithic Era: Migration

Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement  Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)      Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits Follow migratory patterns of animals Need large portions of land to support themselves Life expectancy was 20 years or less Lived in groups of 20 30 people

Paleolithic Era: Technology

Neolithic Era: Technology     Agriculture (10,000 BCE)  Caused by climate change?

 Slash & Burn Domestication of Animals Technology related to agriculture  Irrigation, canals, etc.

 Bronze metallurgy People need nature & nature needs people

Neolithic Era: Demography  Effects of agriculture  Increase in population    Rise of disease Decline of life expectancy Environmental degradation    Increase in pollution Increase in deforestation Increase in desertification Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

New Patterns of Settlement    Small village communities Pastoral societies  Nomadic herders Rise of civilizations  Mesopotamia (3500 BCE)      Egypt (3000 BCE) Indus River (2500 BCE) China (2000 BCE) Olmec (1400 BCE) Chavin (900 BCE)

Human Migration: Indo-Europeans Aryans

Human Migration: Polynesians

Human Migration: Bantu

New Technology: Iron   Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron  Population growth  Expansion of agriculture   Growth of cities Expansion of civilization

Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era

Classical Demography    Spread of epidemic disease  Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc.

Population decreases dramatically  Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE  Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0-600 CE Contributes to the decline of classical empires

Post-Classical Migration

Germanic Tribes

Post-Classical Demography    Population grows after 800 CE Technology  Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system    China: Champa rice & terrace farming Africa: Iron plow Aztecs: Chinampas Spread of crops  Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc.

Post-Classical Demography    Urbanization  Hangzhou—1 million ppl.

   Paris—275,000 people Italian cities Tenochtitlan Bubonic Plague  China’s population fell 50% from 1200-1400  Europe’s population fell 33%-50% Population took only 100 years to rebound

Spread of Civilization

Spread of Civilization

Demography 1450-1750: Americas   Discovery of the Americas  Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90% Replaced by two waves of migration  African slave trade  European colonization

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Columbian Exchange

Demography 1450-1750: China  China’s population tripled from 1650-1750  Improved farming techniques   Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) End of nomadic invasions

Population change in millions, 1400-1800 CE

400 300 200 100 0 China India Europe Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America 1400 CE 1600 CE 1800 CE

Demography 1450-1750: Europe    Urbanization    Netherlands became 1 st urban population country with 50% London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700 Agricultural Revolution   Crop rotation and enclosures American crops (corn and potatoes) Population in every area of Europe increased by 50-100% in the 18 th century

Demography 1750-1914: Global

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1750 1850 1900 Millions

Demography 1750-1914: Europe   Tremendous population growth  Improvements in food supply  Application of science & technology    Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation eliminates famine  Steamboat Creates a greater need for new energy sources  Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum Year 1750 1850 1900 Population in Millions 141 292 482 % of World Population 19.3

25.0

30.0

Demography 1750-1914: Europe    Demographic transition  High to low mortality  High to low fertility Rapid urbanization  Suburbanization Decline in urban mortality  Urban sanitation  Germ theory of disease

European Migration from 1750  40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

African Slave Trade after 1750  Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

Demography 1750-1914: Asia   Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850  Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled   China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

Asian labor migration after 1750

China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean

Population Explosion of 20 th Century Population quadrupled from 1.6 billion to 6.2 billion

Causes of Change   Public Health Measures      Attacks on disease carrying insects Widespread vaccinations Information campaigns Programs to control sewage and other contaminants International agencies focused on health care More dependable food supplies  New farming methods

Impacts of Population Growth    Improved Agriculture  Green Revolution Peasants Uprisings   China, Mexico, etc.

Pressure Third World governments Urbanization   Parasitic cities Urban pollution  Immigration  East Asian emigration continued  Middle East & Africans emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S.

 Immigrants face prejudice

Limiting Population Growth     Many countries advocated birth control & legalized abortion  85% of countries backed family planning China adopted a two-child policy in 1977  Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization Return of plague epidemics  AIDS virus