Transcript Document

Sea Power & Maritime Affairs
Lesson 4
POWER PROJECTION & TECH REVOLUTION
1815-1860
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Last Class
Navy in the Napoleonic Era, 1873-1815
– Re-establishment of Navy & USMC
– 1st Barbary War
– Anglo-French “Napoleonic” Wars
– War of 1812
Today
Post War of 1812 (1815-1860)
 Commercial & geographic expansion
 Navy’s role in expansion
 Mexican-American War
 Revolution in Navy technology
– Steam propulsion, gunnery, artillery
 Navy reorganization & modernization
8 Key Themes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Navy as an instrument of foreign policy
Interaction between Congress and Navy
Interservice relations
Technology
Leadership
Strategy & Tactics
Evolution of US Naval Doctrine
Future missions of Navy and USMC
Commercial Expansion
Navy’s Role
– Protect citizens and commercial interests
Areas of commercial expansion & protection
– Caribbean
• Trade 2nd only to British
– Central and South America
• Accessory Transit Company
– Cornelius Vanderbilt
– Panamanian Isthmus
– American “Filibusters” (William Walker, Nicaragua)
– Pacific & Far East
• Spice trade
• Whaling
New Commercial Treaties
Many diplomatic treaties, with similar objectives:
– Safe Haven for shipwrecked
– Trade Rights
– Coaling Stations
Examples
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–
–
–
Treaty with Thailand - (1833)
Treaty with Sultan of Muscat (Oman) - (1833)
Treaty of Wangxia (China) - (1844)
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - (1850)
• US and GB had competing rights and interests in Costa
Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Columbia
– Treaty with GB over Panama Canal
• Freedom of movement
Perry Opens Trade with Japan
 1853-1854
Matthew C. Perry
COMMO, USN
 Bay of Edo (Tokyo)
– First time a foreign navy had been in this sacred
Bay of Edo.
– First time Japanese had ever seen a steam ship.
– Letter from the President to the Emperor.
– Leaves letter with high ranking official and leaves.
 Returns 10 months later
– Perry carried on “Sedan Chair”
– Brings gifts
• Including a model steam train that travels 20 mph.
Matthew C. Perry in Japan
Perry Opens Trade with Japan
Treaty of Kanagawa
1. Safe-haven for shipwrecked
2. Coaling station
3. Permanent American Consul
• No trade relationship, American Consul is able
to negotiate open trade within two years.
Geographic Expansion
“Manifest Destiny”
– Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• Napoleon needed money to fund war in Europe
• Sold for $15,000,000 (roughly 3 cents per acre)
– Transcontinental Treaty (1819) with Spain
• Acquired Florida
– Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
• 49th Parallel
• Boarder of Canada
• Oregon now US territory
Geographic Expansion
 North-Western Territory
– Continual dispute with Great Britain and
later Russia
 Texas Annexation (1845)
 Mexican-American War (1846)
– California, Nuevo Mexico (Arizona and New
Mexico), and Rio Grande as boarder
Expansion of International Influence
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
– European countries meddling in western
hemispheric politics.
• Tsar of Russia claimed Alaska to CA
• Central and South American Colonial Revolutions
– Power vacuum with Spain overthrown
– Germany looking for overseas colonies
– Doctrine Stated:
1. Americas off-limits to further European
colonization
2. Move in response to independence movements in
Americas
US asserting its strength in the Americas.
Expansion of International Influence
Tyler Doctrine (1842)
– Treaty of Friendship with Hawaii (1826)
– “Any colonization of Hawaii would be a
violation of US national interests”
Science & Technology
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sail to Steam
Wood to Iron
Solid Shot to Shell
Better Cannon
Exploration
 Age of Charles Darwin
– Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831)
– The Origin of Species (1859)
 American Naval Contribution
1. Charting the World
2. Charting the Oceans
3. Supporting Governmentsponsored Exploration
US Navy Charting the World
Wilkes Expedition (1838-1842)
– LT Charles Wilkes
– 4-year Navy expedition around the
world
• Discovered Antarctica (1839)
• South Pacific Islands and Pacific Rim
– 85,000 miles sailed
– 280 islands charted
– 1,500 miles of Antarctica mapped
– His collections became basis for
Smithsonian
Wilkes Expedition (1838-1842)
US Navy Charting the World
 Arctic Exploration
– Numerous
 Amazon River Expedition
– 1851
– CDR William Lewis Herndon
– Peru to Brazil
 Northwest Exploring
Expedition
– 1853-1856
– Seattle to China
US Navy Charting the Oceans
 Matthew F. Maury:
– “Pathfinder of the Seas”
– Studied ocean currents
– Cut 4-days of voyage from NY
to San Francisco
CAPT Matthew C. Perry
Father of the US Steam Navy
Organized 1st corps of Naval Engineers
Major Players
CAPT Robert Stockton
John Ericcson
Major Players
ADM John Dahlgren
Father of Modern Naval Ordnance
Age of Steam
 Demologos
– War of 1812
– Blockade Runner
 Design
– Paddle wheel
– 5-ft walls
 Never saw action
 Destroyed in fire
 No more until 1830s
Robert Fulton
Sail to Steam
Why so slow to implement?
– Expensive
– Inefficient
• Bad for sailing & cruising
• Overseas coaling stations
– Less broadside
– Dangerous in battle
– Steaming dirty
– Refueling dirty and time consuming
– Sailors & officers did not like it
Standing Order:
Ships required to use sail power except in battle.
Cruise of the Susquehanna
Why did steam prevail over sail?
Screw Propulsion
– Ericsson & Stockton
– 1st Screw Propulsion in 1842
– USS Princeton
Why was it revolutionary?
– Faster
– Mechanics under water
• Unlikely to be damaged
• More cannon
Guns
 No major change
since 1600’s
Major changes (1840’s)
– Stronger guns
• Cracks
– “Peacemaker”
– Dahlgren Gun
– Armstrong Gun
– Rifling
– Pivot Gun (turret)
“Peace-maker” Disaster (1843)
Gun Turret
 USS Monitor
Solid Shot to Shell
Shot v. Shell : What is the difference?
 Slow to adopt
 Crimean War (1850’s)
– Russians defeat Turkish fleet using shell
– Shell exploded, igniting ships
What is the solution to exploding shell?
Wood to Iron
Why the need?
La Gloire
(France, 1859)
– Protection from shells
• Crimean War
– 1st experiments with alliron ships
1. French
2. British
3. Everyone else
– 4.25-inch standard
– Monitor v. Merrimack
HMS Warrior
(Britain, 1860)
Ironclad Video
Reform
Administrative
Education
Administrative Reform
Navy Board of Commissioners (1815)
– (3) most-senior officers
– John Rodgers, Stephen Decatur, Isaac Hull
– At time, highly political & borderline
dysfunctional
Navy Bureaus (1842) – SECNAV Abel Upsher
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Navy Yards and Docks
Ordnance and Hydrography
Construction, Equipment, and Repair
Medicine and Surgery
Provisions and Clothing (Supply)
– 3 Bureaus added during the Civil War
– Otherwise intact to WWII
Administrative Reform
 New Code of Naval Regulations (1850)
– End Flogging
– Retired Lists
– First Formal Promotions Boards
Educational Reform
Midshipman System
– Est. 1837
– 2/C and 3/C Midshipmen
($5/month and $6/month)
USS Somers Mutiny (1842)
– CAPT Mackenzie v. MIDN Spencer
• Spencer was hung for mutiny
• Son of Secretary of War
– Gives impetus to formal school
US Naval Academy
 1845
 George Bancroft
Wars & Conflicts
2nd Barbary War
Pirates of the Caribbean
Mexican-American War
nd
2 Barbary War
 Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli
 William Bainbridge (Boston) v. Stephen
Decatur (NY)
 Decatur arrives at Gibralter
– Defeats Mashouba (flagship) and Estudio (22)
– Sails to Algerian capital
• End to tribute
• Free captured merchantmen
• Indemnity for captured ships
– Accomplishes same in Tunis and Tripoli
nd
2 Barbary War
nd
2 Barbary War
 Bainbridge arrives and retraces
Decatur’s path
– Shows America will maintain a presence in
Mediterranean
– Algiers rebukes treaty the next year
– Anglo-Dutch naval force defeats them and
ends tribute system entirely
 Establishment of Mediterranean
Squadron (1815)
Pirates
 Gulf Coast Pirates
– Operated out of US Territory (Louisiana,
Texas)
– Jean Lafitte
 Pirates of the Caribbean
– Central and Southern American Revolutions
• Venezuelan Letters of Marque - “privateering”
Pirates of the Caribbean
Pirates of the Caribbean
 Oliver Hazard Perry sent to defeat pirates
 Dies of Yellow Fever
West India Squadron Established
 James Biddle (1st COMMO)
 Also falls ill with Yellow Fever
 David Porter (2nd COMMO) - Good sailor, poor
diplomat
 Mosquito Squadron - smaller ships
 Fight pirates in conjunction with British Navy
 Recaptured 79 vessels in 18 months
 Fajardo Incident (Puerto Rico)
 Court-martialed, resigns, becomes Commander of
Mexican Navy
Overseas Expansion
What is the message?
US & navy’s influence is expanding.
Mexican-American War
1846-1848
Manifest Destiny
 Republic of Texas (1836)
– Alamo
– GEN Santa Ana’s forces
defeated in Battle of San
Jacinto
– Texas wants annexed
 Monterrey Incident (1842)
– COMMO Thomas ap
Catesby Jones
– Diplomatic embarrassment
 Texas Annexation (1845)
– MGEN Zachary Taylor sent
to defend Texas
– COMMO David Conner
(Home Squadron)
transports Taylor’s troops
and stays in Gulf
Mexico Declares War
 Mexico declares
“Defensive War”
– April 1846
– Sends Army into Texas
and ambushes Taylor’s
Army
 Congress Declares
War
– May 13, 1846
Mexican-American War
 First war in which US is more powerful
than adversary
– Mexicans have weaker army
– Mexicans have weaker navy
• Sell their only two ships
• US has unfettered control of the seas
What can the Navy do?
Blockade, troop supply & movement.
What navy does this sound like?
British Navy
Strategies
United States
1. Blockade
2. Push in from Texas
3. Take Mexico City
1. Amphibious assault
4. Conquer California
**Manifest Destiny**
Who do we sound like?
Mexico
1. Quick attack and defeat
of American army
2. Hold territories
3. Destroy American will
to fight
Great Britain
Theaters of War
War in
 Texas
 Gulf Coast
 California
 Baja California &
Mexican West
Coast
East Coast War
 Blockade
– Challenging supply line
• Out of Pensacola, FL
– Established fleet base at Anton
Lizardo
 Excellent Army-Navy
Cooperation
– Navy: COMMO David Conner
(Home Squadron)
– Army: GEN Winfield Scott
East Coast
Steam Power at Work
 Steam Power Proves
its Worth
– Steam boats used to
pull ships over
sandbar surrounding
numerous ports
Landing at Vera Cruz
1. Amphibious landing
– 10,000 troops uncontested
– 3rd largest Amphibious
Operation in US history
2. Siege city
– Army and USMC from land
– Navy at sea
• Ships provided gunfire
support
3. Slow move inland toward
Mexico City
– 1.5 years to complete
– City fell in 1848
– Marines assigned guard of
Montezuma Palace
“From the Halls of Montezuma…”
West Coast War
 John D. Sloat
– COMMO Pacific Squadron
– Ordered to take California
• Learns about CAPT John C.
Freemont and the Bear Flag
Republic
– Took Monterrey
• Marines and sailors
– San Francisco
– Self-appointed Governor
West Coast War
 Robert F. Stockton
– Relieved Sloat as COMMO Pacific Squadron
 Combined sailors, Marines, and
Freemont’s forces and took
– San Diego
– Los Angeles
– Left small marine force to occupy Los Angeles and
returned to Monterrey.
 Mexicans in California Revolt
– Stockton used navy to withdraw forces to San Diego,
where they joined forces with MGEN Stephen W. Kearny
– March to Los Angeles and defeat rebellion
West Coast War
West Coast War
 Treaty of Cahuenga
– 1847
– Ended war in California
– West Coast war moved into
Mexico
 William Shubrick
– Relieved Stockton as COMMO Pacific Squadron
– Blockaded and Amphibious operations on Baja
California & West Coast of Mexico
End of War
 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1846)
– Ended War
– Mexico forfeited claims to Texas
– Forfeited California, and Nuevo Mexico
• Arizona and New Mexico
– Rio Grande River set as boarder
 Manifest destiny is complete
– US Navy outclassed Mexican forces
– US now a two-ocean power
• Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill - (1848)
• California Annexed as a free state - (1850)
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American Civil War (1861-1865)