Transcript Research Activities

Raphael Cohen-Almagor
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Lecture Plan
Five sections:
 Katie’s story
 Definitions
 Child-pornography and online sex offenders
 Possible remedies
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Katie’s story
 Social Responsibility
 Moral panic
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Definitions
 Child pornography depicts children in sexual context.
 By definition, children cannot consent to sex.
 It is abusive and coercive.
 Every depiction of sexual intercourse with real
children is considered to be molestation, a criminal
act.
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Definitions
 Online child sex offenders are people who watch,
download, produce, store and transmit images of
children in a sexual context.
 Online child sex offenders utilise the Internet for this
purpose.
 The term ‘paedophilia’ is a clinical term and is used to
refer to a psychosexual disorder involving a sexual
preference for children.
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Online Behavior:
Where Parents and Teens Agree
 81% of parents and 79% of teens agree that kids are
not as careful as they should be about the
information they give out online
 62% of parents and 62% of teens agree that kids do
things online that they wouldn’t want their parents
to know about
 Overall, most parents believe that the internet is a
good thing for their children
Child Pornography
 Pornographers are always among the first to recognize
and exploit the potential of each new wave of
communication technology, from the printing press
and early photography to film and video, and now the
Internet
 Most states prohibit by their criminal law the
production, promotion, sale, exhibition, or
distribution of photographs or videos of children
engaged in any sexual activity
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Child Pornography
 The Internet features of accessibility, privacy and low cost
serve to encourage some offences.
 Child pornography is often used by offenders to groom
children by “normalizing” sexual activity with children and
breaking down inhibitions, or to blackmail a child into
desired behaviour by threatening to expose their use of
pornography.
 The saturation of the internet with such material may serve
to “normalize” this behaviour and probably makes it easier
to objectify children as sexual artifacts.
 Pornography is also thought to reinforce a person’s sexual
attraction to children
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Child Pornography
 Social-networking sites have been shown to attract sexual
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predators looking to take advantage of naïve young people.
Launched in 2004, MySpace has swiftly become one of the
biggest hits in the history of the Internet.
Crimes as serious as murder and rape have been linked to
teens using the site.
There is a strong link between those who collect images
and those who molest children.
The following chart shows who are the offenders:
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Parent
Other Relative
11%
25%
Neighbor/Family Friend
5%
4%
12%
32%
6%
Babysitter/Coach
Guardian's Partner
Online Enticement
5%
Unknown to Child
Self-produced
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The Offenders
 77% of the offenders were known to the child.
 These were his/her parents, their partners, relatives,
babysitters and neighbours.
 12% were offenders who enticed children via the
Internet.
 5% (others) were unknown to the children.
 6% invited/initiated/self-inflicted the offence.
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Identity
 Child pornographers conceal their true identity by
means of proxies, “false flag” addresses, the use of
which means that the host site will not be able to
identify a visitor’s true IP.
 They (the careful ones) will never use their own credit
card to pay for photos or videos.
 Some users succeed in hacking into a pay server,
stealing another person’s credit card, but this route is
only for the truly ingenious
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 A person has a collection of several thousand child
porn images
 He likes to share them
 First, he obtains a proxy that conceals his name and
location and acquires a new e-mail account under a
false name from an anonymous provider, likely in a
third world nation: both are easy to do.
 With these bogus credentials, he opens an account
that permits him to set up a home page on an innocent
and aboveboard public server such as angelfire.com
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 Unknown to the provider, the person loads how many photos he
wants
 The site is of no use to anyone as yet, in that nobody is likely to
stumble across it by accident
 Our generous child-pornographer used to announce the posting
of the series on the Maestro board or one of its counterparts,
where the message is read and acknowledged gratefully by other
“loli fans”
 Duly alerted, consumers then flock to the site advertised, which
may be based in any of twenty countries, and then download the
pictures. The images will exist at that site only for a few hours
before they are removed and the site ceases to exist
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 In the past, the best way to discover childpornographers activity was by discerning a site
that suddenly attracted thousands of hits within a
few hours
 Sometimes money changes hands and videos are
sold, but many sites that demand payment for
access are bogus, and anyone gullible enough to
pay will, if he is lucky, just lose the price of
admission; if he is less fortunate, he will have
earned a visit from the police.
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 In 2009, Swiss police uncovered an Internet child
pornography network spanning 78 countries and
involving at least 2,000 IP internet addresses.
 An inquiry was launched after a tip-off from Interpol
about a Swiss website being used as a forum for illegal
child pornography films.
 The site was officially devoted to hip hop music but
was used to access videos of child pornography via
secret codes.
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 The authorities had been monitoring the website for
some time.
 Dozens of arrests and several convictions have been
made as a result of the investigation, which began in
May 2008.
 The site's designer was apparently not aware what it
was being used for and was cleared of any involvement
in the ring.
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Collections
 The vast majority of people who post or distribute
pictures do so out of non-economic motives
 The sense for completion or perfection is particularly
marked in child porn collecting.
 Hobbyists seek unbroken series of the various photo
shoots such as KG or Tiny Americans, and they pride
themselves on their achievement in seeking out and
amassing items.
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Rings
 Sex offenders operate in clandestine methods to hide
their illegal activities.
 They operate via closed chatrooms and hidden
websites, sometimes hijacked for their purposes,
sometimes established for a brief period of time.
 They operate in rings that cross continents.
 Always under fear that the ring might be
compromised.
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Encryption
 The careful child-pornographers use
encryption when they exchange images
 Without the key, it is very difficult to
decode the image
 Encryption is the best friend of all
people involved in illegal activities:
Child-pornographers, terrorists and
criminals.
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Remedies
 Education
 Parental Supervision
 Physical-Geographical Control (at
home, in libraries)
 Filters
 Denying Legitimacy
 ISPs Liability
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Remedies
 Need for more youth education
 International cooperation between
governments as well as between
governments and Internet Service
Providers.
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Remedies
 Business Ban
 International Cooperation: Working
Group on Internet Governance
 Legislation and Precedents
 Monitoring Websites
 Removing Criminal Websites
 CleaNet
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Remedies
 Introducing a different rationale:
 Instead of free highway, social
responsibility
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The Threats of the Internet
Global solution
for
global problem
Business ban
Filters
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Thank you
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