Transcript Research Activities

Raphael Cohen-Almagor
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Lecture Plan
Five sections:
 Introduction
 Terror
 Racism and Hate
 Crime-facilitating speech
 Child-pornography
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Lecture Plan
Each section is separated by a poem
 Two were read during the inaugurations of Bill
Clinton
 One was written (but not read) for Barack
Obama for his Inauguration
 One was read for the Inauguration of Janet
Napolitano, Governor of the State of Arizona
 One was written by me for this Inaugural Lecture.
I thank Dr. Jane Thomas for reading the poems.
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My contribution
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My contribution
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manner‫ן‬
content
circumstances
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Speaker’s
intentions
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Relevant Theories
 Social Responsibility
 Moral panic
 The "democratic Catch"
 Incitement
 True threats
 Intimidation
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The Internet
The Internet contains the best products of humanity 
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Ufff…
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Worse of Humanity
Unfortunately, the Internet also contains the worse
products of humanity:
 Child Pornography, Pedophilia
 Terror
 Racism, Hate speech and Holocaust denial
 Crime-facilitating speech
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Relevant Factors
 History
 Culture
 Law
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From Sitafa Harden / Glory in the Gathering Place
For Barack Obama for his Inauguration
Stand
Mighty Nation, a witness to Nations
That Strength is not a sword, nor Power tyranny
The Inevitableness of Possibility prevails
That which we have divulged has made us strong
Sing! A chorus verse to a redemption song
Rejoice, child! Rejoice into the Millennium
O hear the People’s voices joining in crescendo!
Stand, Mighty Nation, a witness to Nations
That We are One
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Terror
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September 11, 2001
September 11 and other terrorist operations
were facilitated by the Internet.
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E-jihad

The term E-jihad refers to the way
information technology is applied by groups
such as al-Qaeda in order to organize
logistics for their campaigns, through the
application of email and encrypted files, as
well as a means for developing their own
strategic intelligence.
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September 11, 2001

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Members of Al Qaeda are sending each other
thousands of messages in a password-protected
section of agreed-upon websites
Sometimes they simply take over legitimate sites
In the wake of September 11, Internet providers
shut down several sites associated with Dr.
Sheikh Abdullah Azzam, mentor of bin Laden
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Haganah (Defence)

Haganah, http://haganah.org/, a US-based
pro-Zionist website run by Aaron Weisburd,
tracks down jihadi sites and informs their
ISPs that they are hosting a terrorist site,
which usually ensures it is closed down
immediately. Haganah has shut down more
than 700 jihadi sites
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jihadi websites

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Most jihadi websites have several sections.
The most important and largest is usually the
religion section, which contains fatwas
explaining who can be targeted legitimately.
Quranic references to jihad, the different ways
jihad can be expressed, aspects of martyrdom,
and online doctrinal consultations with religious
sages.
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jihadi websites

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In the jihad section, would-be recruits are
encouraged to join the battle.
Some general advice is given, e.g., the best
routes into Iraq, names and locations of
sympathetic mosques in neighbouring countries.
Galleries of martyr portraits are accompanied by
their last wills and testaments, often in the form
of a video
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jihadi websites



Most sites have IT section where contributors
are urged to share their knowledge and develop
new ways of using cyberspace to further the
cause of jihad.
The bulletin boards or chat rooms are by far the
most popular forums on jihadi websites.
Visitors can add comments or reply to ongoing
conversations and debates.
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jihadi websites

Many jihadi sites have a women’s section
where wives and mothers are urged to
support their men in jihad and help them in
the psychological battle against what one
site described as that disease, the
weakness which loves life and hates death.
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Use of Internet by Terrorists
 Providing Information (English, Arabic,
other languages, according to the audience)
 Seeking Legitimacy
 Propaganda – use of cameras, chat rooms;
 Socialization and motivation - use
chatrooms to create virtual community, and
motivate people to take violent actions
against the West.
 Seeking support
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Use of Internet by Terrorists
 Spreading tactics – the first beheading in Iraq
showed on the Internet motivated copy-cat actions
in other countries. Beheading is not part of the
culture and tradition in Thailand. The Internet
facilitated this knowledge and idea.
 Instructions and online manuals
 Planning of activities and coordination
 Training how to build bombs – significant but not
as the uses of propaganda and motivation.
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Use of Internet by Terrorists
 Facilitation – like us, terrorists use the Internet to
organize their travel, to communicate, to find
information.
 Most fund raising is done person to person – going
to an individual and ask for money. Some Internet
sites were used to raise money, but this is not a
prevalent phenomenon.
 Recruitment – a little bit. Not significant
 Cyber-terrorism
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Inaugural Poem/ Maya Angelou
20 January 1993, For Bill Clinton’s Inauguration
From
There is a true yearning to respond to
The singing River and the wise Rock.
So say the Asian, the Hispanic, the Jew
The African and Native American, the Sioux,
The Catholic, the Muslim, the French, the Greek
The Irish, the Rabbi, the Priest, the Sheikh,
The Gay, the Straight, the Preacher,
The privileged, the homeless, the Teacher.
They hear. They all hear
The speaking of the Tree.
Today, the first and last of every Tree
Speaks to humankind. Come to me, here beside the River.
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Racism
 Some 70,000 racist and hateful sites
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From Speech to Action

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Three Aryan supremacists, Benjamin Smith, Richard
Baumhammers, and James W. von Brunn who in 1999,
2000 and 2009 respectively went on racially motivated
shooting sprees after being exposed (von Brunn also
contributed) to Internet racial propaganda.
Smith regularly visited the World Church of the Creator
website, a notorious racist and hateful organization.
He said: "It wasn't really 'til I got on the Internet, read
some literature of these groups that… it really all came
together.“
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The Zundelsite
 “Women Dined and Danced in Auschwitz”
 No gas chambers ever existed
 People died in WWII, some were Germans, some Jews
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Racism & Holocaust Denial
 In Canada, the Zundelsite and other hateful sites
were shut down.
 Is law the appropriate way to fight against such
speech?
 Education?
 What about accessing such material in libraries
and schools?
 The importance of historical context
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Historical Context and National Boundaries
 Yahoo! maintained auction sites via which third parties
offered, among other items, Nazi memorabilia for sale.
 In 2000, anti-hate campaigners based in France
commenced legal proceedings against Yahoo!, alleging
violation of French penal laws prohibiting the public
display of Nazi “uniforms, insignia or emblems” within
French borders.
 The Supreme Court of Paris asserted jurisdiction over
Yahoo! because its auction sites could be accessed in
France;
 The court ruled that the US company must “take such
measures as will dissuade and render impossible” access to
auction sites selling Nazi paraphernalia and any other sites
containing pro-Nazi propaganda, and awarded civil
damages to the organizations that instigated the action
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The Council of Europe
 The Council of Europe has adopted a measure that
would criminalize Internet hate speech, including
hyperlinks to pages that contain offensive content .
 The provision, which was passed in 2002 by the
council's decision-making body (the Committee of
Ministers), updates the 2001 European Convention on
Cybercrime.
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The Council of Europe
 Specifically, the amendment bans "any written
material, any image or any other representation of
ideas or theories, which advocates, promotes or
incites hatred, discrimination or violence, against
any individual or group of individuals, based on
race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin, as
well as religion if used as pretext for any of these
factors".
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American Legal Boundaries
 True Threats, intimidation
 Incitement to murder
 How the Internet is used to scare people?
 Case law
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Machado
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 10:58:55 -0700
From: "Mother Fucker (Hates Asians)" <[email protected]>
To: {recipient list omitted to protect privacy of individuals}
Subject: FUck You Asian Shit
Hey stupid fucker
As you can see in the name, I hate Asians, including you. If it weren’t for asias [sic]
at UCI, it would be a much more popular campus. You are responsible for ALL the
crimes that occur on campus. YOU are responsible for the campus being all dirt.
YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE. That’s why I want you and your stupid ass comrades to
get the fuck out of UCI. IF you don’t I will hunt all of you down and Kill your stupid
asses. Do you hear me? I personally will make it my life carreer [sic] to find and kill
everyone one [sic] of you personally. OK?????? That’s how determined I am.
Get the fuck out. Mother Fucker (Asian Hater)
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Shutting Down Websites
Jouhari v. Wilson
 US Dept. of Housing & Urban Development, Jouhari
and Pilar Horton v. Ryan Wilson and ALPHA HQ, July
19, 2000
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Jouhari
 Next to Jouhari’s picture, the ALPHA HQ website
stated, "Traitors like this should beware, for in our
day, they will hung from the neck from the nearest
tree or lamp post.“
 The website referred to Jouhari's daughter as
"mongrel," listed various types of guns,
information where to obtain various weapons, and
provided a bomb recipe under the picture of
Jouhari's office.
http://www.hud.gov/utilities/intercept.cfm?/office
s/oalj/cases/fha/pdf/wilson.pdf
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Jouhari
 Wilson was charged by the Pennsylvania
Commonwealth's Attorney General with threats,
harassment, and ethnic intimidation.
 The site was removed from the Internet, and the court
issued an injunction against the defendant and his
organization barring them from displaying certain
messages on the Internet.
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Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition
of Life Activists
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Legitimate v. Illegitimate Speech
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The Deadly Dozen
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The Nuremberg Files
ABORTIONISTS: the baby butchers
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Lawson Akpalonu (CA)
Ben Graber (FL)
Norman M. Neches (DC)
Edward Allred (CA)
William Graham (LA)
James Newhall (OR)
Kevin W. Alexander (DC)
Marshall Grandy (TX)
Richard S. Newman (DC)
Eduardo Aquino (TX)
Richard P. Green (DC)
Mark Nichols (OR)
Gostal Arcelin (FL)
Thomas H. Gresinger (VA) Mario Ochoa (TX)
(SEND US MORE NAMES!) David A. Grimes
(SEND US MORE NAMES!)
Carl L. Armstrong (OH)
Jay M. Grodin (MD, VA)
Soo-Young Oh (MD)
Ali Azima (FL)
David Gunn (Fl)
Tati I. Okereke (NY)
(SEND US MORE NAMES!) R.V. Guggemheim (OR)
(SEND US MORE NAMES!)
Fritz Bailey (CA)
Tom Gunter (CA)
Kathleen A. Olson
Carlos Baldocedas (IL)
Moshe Hacamovitch (TX) G.W. Orr (NE)
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Shutting Down Websites
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Arguments for and against Shutting Down
Websites
 Against Shutting Down: Free expression
 Futility – mirror sites, different servers
 Source of information for security officers
 Difficult to track down sites, hence there is interest to
keep them viable
 For Shutting Sites: facilitate criminal activity;
 Scope of audience: An American server cannot be
equated to a server in Yemen
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Shutting Down Websites
 From discussions with security experts I
gather this is not the preferred option.
 They would like to keep an open eye on such
sites
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From
Miller Williams / Of History and Hope
The children. The children. And how does our garden grow?
With waving hands -- oh, rarely in a row -and flowering faces. And brambles, that we can no longer allow.
Who were many people coming together
cannot become one people falling apart.
Who dreamed for every child an even chance
cannot let luck alone turn doorknobs or not.
Whose law was never so much of the hand as the head
cannot let chaos make its way to the heart.
President Clinton's Inauguration 1997
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Crime-Facilitating Speech
 Assassination – Hit Man
 How to kill your wife
http://powerballplace.blogspot.com/2005/03/how
-to-kill-your-wife-and-get-away.html
 Rape
 Rape drugs
 Silencers
 Encryption
 Use of proxis
 Cryptome.org
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Bomb Making
 On March 23, 1996, the Terrorist's Handbook was
posted on the Web, including instructions on how
to make a powerful bomb.
 The same bomb was used in the Oklahoma City
bombing.
 Deputy Assistant Attorney General Robert Litt, of
the U.S. Justice Department's Criminal Division,
observed that only hours after the Oklahoma City
bombing, someone posted on the Internet
directions -- including a diagram -- explaining how
to construct a bomb of the type that was used in
that tragic act of terrorism.
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Crime-facilitating
Speech
How to become
a successful
contractor?
How to tempt
kids to bed?
Bomb making
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RICE v. PALADIN
ENTERPRISES
Paladin Press publishes
the book “Hit Man” 1983
Lawrence Horn hires
James Perry to kill
Horn’s family so he may
collect his disabled son’s
$2million+ legal
settlement
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Both Horn and Perry
are found guilty of
charges against them.
Surviving family sues
Paladin Press for aiding
and abetting Perry and
Horn in the triple murder
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Publication of books
Should there be limits on books’ publication?
Does the mode of publication make a difference?
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Addressing legal lacuna
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Cryptome.com
 Cryptome welcomes documents for publication that
are prohibited by governments worldwide, in
particular material on freedom of expression, privacy,
cryptology, dual-use technologies, national security,
intelligence, and secret governance -- open, secret and
classified documents
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US Nuclear Weapons Storage
Kwajalein, Marshall Islands
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Our Children/Raphael Cohen-Almagor
Children are unconditional Love
Children are what you see in yourself
Before the grudges of Life.
Their smile your joy
Their pain your aches
Their present our future.
Beautiful fragile snow flakes
White, pure and true
Treasure like blue deep ocean gem.
Treasure before they turn gray and sour
upon meeting cold and quiet
Hard surface of life.
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Beware of the bad bad wolf
He is lurking there all ears and teeth
Cunningly watching before making his move.
Sharp eyes to track his prey
Fine smell to make you pray
Lucid words just what they expected him to say.
Written for the occasion of this Inaugural Lecture
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Child Pornography
 Pornographers are always among the first to recognize
and exploit the potential of each new wave of
communication technology, from the printing press
and early photography to film and video, and now the
Internet
 Most states prohibit by their criminal law the
production, promotion, sale, exhibition, or
distribution of photographs or videos of children
engaged in any sexual activity
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Child Pornography
 The internet features of accessibility, privacy and low cost
serve to encourage some offences.
 Child pornography is often used by offenders to groom
children by “normalizing” sexual activity with children and
breaking down inhibitions, or to blackmail a child into
desired behaviour by threatening to expose their use of
pornography.
 The saturation of the internet with such material may serve
to “normalize” this behaviour and probably makes it easier
to objectify children as sexual artifacts.
 Pornography is also thought to reinforce a person’s sexual
attraction to children
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Child Pornography
 Social-networking sites have been shown to attract sexual
predators looking to take advantage of naïve young people.
 Launched in 2004, MySpace has swiftly become one of the
biggest hits in the history of the Internet.
 Crimes as serious as murder and rape have been linked to
teens using the site.
 There is a strong link between those who collect images
and those who molest children
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Identity
 Child pornographers conceal their true identity by
means of proxies, “false flag” addresses, the use of
which means that the host site will not be able to
identify a visitor’s true IP.
 They will never use their own credit card to pay for
photos or videos.
 Some users succeed in hacking into a pay server,
stealing another person’s credit card, but this route is
only for the truly ingenious
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 A person has a collection of several thousand child
porn images
 He likes to share them
 First, he obtains a proxy that conceals his name and
location and acquires a new e-mail account under a
false name from an anonymous provider, likely in a
third world nation: both are easy to do.
 With these bogus credentials, he opens an account
that permits him to set up a home page on an innocent
and aboveboard public server such as angelfire.com,
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 Unknown to the provider, the person loads how many photos he
wants
 The site is of no use to anyone as yet, in that nobody is likely to
stumble across it by accident
 Our generous child-pornographer announces the posting of the
series on the Maestro board or one of its counterparts, where the
message is read and acknowledged gratefully by other “loli fans”
 Duly alerted, consumers then flock to the site advertised, which
may be based in any of twenty countries, and then download the
pictures. The images will exist at that site only for a few hours
before they are removed and the site ceases to exist
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 The best way to discover child-pornographers
activity is by discerning a site that suddenly
attracts thousands of hits within a few hours
 Sometimes money changes hands and videos are
sold, but many sites that demand payment for
access are bogus, and anyone gullible enough to
pay will, if he is lucky, just lose the price of
admission; if he is less fortunate, he will have
earned a visit from the police.
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 In 2009, Swiss police uncovered an internet child
pornography network spanning 78 countries and
involving at least 2,000 IP internet addresses.
 An inquiry was launched after a tip-off from Interpol
about a Swiss website being used as a forum for illegal
child pornography films.
 The site was officially devoted to hip hop music but
was used to access videos of child pornography via
secret codes.
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How Child Pornographers Work?
 The authorities had been monitoring the website for
some time.
 Dozens of arrests and several convictions have been
made as a result of the investigation, which began in
May 2008.
 The site's designer was apparently not aware what it
was being used for and was cleared of any involvement
in the ring.
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Collections
 The vast majority of people who post or distribute
pictures do so out of non-economic motives
 The sense for completion or perfection is particularly
marked in child porn collecting. Hobbyists seek
unbroken series of the various photo shoots such as
KG or Tiny Americans, and they pride themselves on
their achievement in seeking out and amassing items.
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Encryption
 The careful child-pornographers use
encryption when they exchange images
 Without the key, it is very difficult to
decode the image
 Encryption is the best friend of all
people involved in illegal activities:
Child-pornographers, terrorists and
criminals.
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Remedies
 Education
 Parental Supervision
 Physical-Geographical Control (at
home, in libraries)
 Filters
 Denying Legitimacy
 ISPs Liability
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Remedies
 Need for more youth education (like
the Partners Against Hate program),
 Promotion of tolerance,
 Exposing of hate,
 International cooperation between
governments as well as between
governments and Internet Service
Providers.
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Remedies
 Business Ban
 International Cooperation: Working
Group on Internet Governance
 Legislation and Precedents
 Monitoring Websites
 Removing Criminal Websites
 CleaNet
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Remedies
 Introducing a different rationale:
 Instead of free highway, social
responsibility
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The Threats of the Internet
Global solution
for
global problem
Business ban
Filters
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From
Alberto Ríos/In Us This Day
Sometimes, we are brutal and dark green.
We are the fishhook thorns on the wild cactus.
But sometimes as well, we are the sky itself,
That great blue living room filled with endless space
In every direction there is to see.
We are,
As things turn out, the answer and the problem both.
Every day we must choose our suit of clothes.
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On the occasion of the Inauguration of Janet Napolitano
Governor of the State of Arizona
January 2003
We are in a border time,
The border between countries, between centuries,
The border between yesterday and tomorrow,
What we have been and what we are going to be.
We are a state of many languages, many cultures.
We must translate this into a state with many ideas.
Let us choose the best from this treasury of dreams.
Let us create a future
We would want to speak in any language.
We should not try to predict the future—
Instead, let us make it, and let us make it our own.
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Thank you
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