Transcript The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789
The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)
Section One - On the Eve of Revolution
Setting the Scene
Civic Unrest Factory owner cutting wages, although bread prices are increasing Enraged workers rioted and vandalized the owners house “LONG LIVE THE THIRD ESTATE”
The Old Regime
Ancien regime – old order, carried over from the Middle Ages First Estate = clergy, Second Estate = nobility Third Estate = the vast majority of the population
The Clergy
1789 the French clergy still held a enormous wealth and privilege Church owned 10% of the land, collected tithes, and paid no direct taxes to the state Attacked by Enlightenment thinkers Provided some social services (schools, hospitals and orphanages)
The Nobles
In the Middle Ages, noble knights defended the lands No longer defenders, nobles have top jobs in government, the army, the courts and the Church. Paid no taxes, though they owned large plots of land
The Third Estate
1789 the Third Estate totaled about 27 million people (98% of the total pop) Bourgeoisie = the middle class, in sighted fear into the nobles / hired by the royal bureaucracy to perform jobs nobles previously did
Bourgeoisie
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Bankers Merchants Manufacturers Lawyers Doctors Journalists Professors Skilled artisians
The Third Estate
9 out of 10 members are rural peasant farmers 1.
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Poorest members are urban factory workers Apprentices Journeymen Printing workers clothmakers
The Third Estate
A large number of urban poor were unemployed Turned to begging or crime DISCONTENT!!! Cause by resentment
Discontent
Wealthy bourgeois families had good jobs, but the best jobs were reserved for nobles Urban workers had miserable wages Smallest increase in bread threatened starvation
Discontent
Peasants pad taxes on EVERYTHING Not allowed to hunt, only nobles were Enlightenment ideas spread to city centers and people began to question this old order
Economic Troubles
Deficit spending – government’s spending more money than it takes in
The Burden of Debt
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Louis XIV left France deeply in debt Seven Years’ War American Revolution To solve financial problems government raised taxes, but nobles and clergy refused to pay.
Poor Harvest
Sent food prices soaring Intense hunger to peasants and urban dwellers People rioted and in the country people attacked the homes of nobles
Failure to Reform
Louis XV was more interested in pleasure seeking than fixing issues, debt increases Louis XVI chose Jacques Necker as financial adviser. Nobles and Clergy forced him out when he advised the King to tax them
Louis XVI Calls the Estates General
1788 France on the verge of bankruptcy Louis XVI calls for the Estates General, a move that had not been made in 175 years
The Cahiers = notebooks
Notebooks that listed grievances of each of the estates Cahiers showed the resentment between classes using terms like “blood suckers” to describe tax collectors
Tennis Court Oath
Each estate had a single vote within the government Third estate always outnumber 2 to 1, they wanted a head count, to represent voting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muezt N2MoGM
Storming the Bastille
July 14 1789, Spotlight belongs to Paris Royal troops rumored to occupy Paris Crowd of over 800 citizens stormed the Bastille demanding gun powder and weapons.
Storming the Bastille
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uI6JFl _sq4
The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)
Section Two – Creating a New France
Bell Work
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Turn your book to page 171 Preview this section Analyze all pictures (read in captions that go along with the picture; i.e. Paris in Arms, and Women March on Versailles) Analyze all red or green headings (don’t read the sections just the headings) Write down four changes that took place in France between 1789 and 1791
FOCUS
Popular uprisings encouraged the National Assembly to take swift action.
N.A. Swift Actions
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Ended feudal privileges Issued a declaration of rights of man and citizen Reorganized the Church Established a limited monarchy
Supporters of the Enlightenment Applauded the reforms Supported the revolution Supporters of Feudalism Denounced the reforms Wanted to suppress any revolution that might impact their territory By 1792 revolutionary France was at war with much of Europe.
Reaction throughout Europe
Activity
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Write an eyewitness account f one of the following events Peasants attacking the home of a nobleman 2.
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The August 4 th meeting of the National Assembly The women of Paris marching on Versailles The procession of the royal family from Versailles to Pairs The writing of the Constitution of 1791 The unsuccessful flight of the royal family An émigré describing the events in France to the Austrian emperor
Activity
Your accounts should include a vivid description of the event and the emotions of the people involved Do additional research to make your account more authentic
Activity
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Write an eyewitness account f one of the following events Peasants attacking the home of a nobleman 2.
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The August 4 th meeting of the National Assembly The women of Paris marching on Versailles The procession of the royal family from Versailles to Pairs The writing of the Constitution of 1791 The unsuccessful flight of the royal family An émigré describing the events in France to the Austrian emperor
Bell Work
Open your book to page 172 and read the Global Connections section Be ready to answer this question How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?
Revolts in Paris and the Provinces
The Great Fear Paris in Arms France is in political, economic and agricultural calamity simultaneously Bread prices soar, those who could afford it paid 80% of their income on bread
The Great Fear
Rumors Tales of attacks on villages and towns Government troops were seizing peasant crops In reaction to the rumors; defiant peasants attacked the homes of nobles, set fire to old manor records, and stole grain from storehouses.
Paris in Arms
The Revolutionary center Factions compete to gain power
National Guard Moderate Middle Class Marquis de Lafayette “hero of two worlds” Headed the National Guard The Paris Commune Radical Working Class Could mobilize the masses quickly for protests or violent actions Looked to further the revolution
Paris in Arms
Moderate Reforms
An End to Special Privilege Declaration of the Rights of Man Women March on Versailles National Assembly votes to end all privileges to the nobility
An End to Special Privilege
Feudalism is abolished Did nobles give up anything that they had not lost already?
Key enlightenment goal / the equality of all citizens before the law is achieved.
The Big Picture
The National Assembly instituted political and social reforms in the early stages of the revolution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
With a partner turn your books to page 703.
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With the help of your mobile device define these three terms Auspices 2.
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Imprescriptible Indispensable Read the DOROMAC and answer questions 1,2 and 3 at the bottom of the page
Women March on Versailles
Based on this painting, in what ways do you think the march challenged traditional roles of women?
Women March on Versailles
Famine grips France October 5, 1789, thousands of women marched to King Louis the XVI’s palace in Versailles Anger directed at the Queen Marie Antoinette Mob took the King and Queen to Paris where he could no longer ignore their suffering
The National Assembly Presses Onward National Assembly followed the King to Paris Worked aggressively to create a constitution, as well as solve the financial crisis
Reorganizing the Church
The National Assembly puts the French Catholic Church under state control Civil Constitution of the clergy – placed bishops and priests became elected, salaried officials Ended Papal authority Dissolved convents and monasteries Not accepted by the church or peasants
Constitution of 1791
Established a limited monarchy in place of the absolute monarchy New Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war, and peace Lawmakers would be elected by tax paying male citizens
Internal Divisions
Sans-culottes, working-class men and women who pushed the revolution into more radical action Wanted a republic Were supported by the radicals in the Legislative Assembly
The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)
Section Three – Radical Days
Setting the Scene
Read the Setting the Scene section on page176
Monarchy Abolished
War was happening home and abroad Prussian forces were cutting down raw French recruits
Outbreaks of Violence
Battle Disasters lead revolutionaries to believe that the King is on the side of the invaders August 10, 1792 crowd of angry Parisians stormed the Tuileries and slaughtered the kings’ guards
Outbreaks of Violence
September Massacres – citizens attacked prisons that held nobles and priests Blood Thirsty Mobs, or Patriots or defenders of France Ordinary citizens upset because of real or imagined grievances
The French Republic
Radicals take control of the National Assembly Create a new legislative body called the National Convention, controlled by the Jacobins Convention extends suffrage to all male citizens not just property owners
The French Republic
Voted to abolish the monarchy and creates the French Republic Create a new legislative body called the National Convention, deputies drew up a new constitution for France Convention extends suffrage to all male citizens not just property owners
Bell Work
Robespierre stated “Louis must die, that the country can live.” What do you think this means? Be prepared to answer this questions aloud after heavily considering it
Death of the King and Queen
Louis XVI put on trial as a traitor to France Convicted guilty and sentenced to death January 1793, Louis was sent to the guillotine and beheaded in Paris Marie Antoinette was executed in October
Death of the King and Queen
ASSIGNMENT 10 mins
Read on page 177, Execution of a King Answer Questions 1 through 3 on a separate sheet of paper We will talk about this as a class
Convention Defends the Republic
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France is at war with much of Europe Britain The Netherlands Spain Prussia Royalists and priests led rebellion against the government in the Vendee Convention is dividing – Jacobins vs Girondins
Committee of Public Safety
Created in order to deal with the threats to France abroad and within its boarders 12 member committee with ultimate power Required every person in French society to aid in war efforts (page 178)
Robespierre
Leader of the Committee of Public Safety Friends called him “The Incorruptible” Enemies called him “a Tyrant” Believed in Rousseau’s idea of general will as the source of all legitimate law Promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery
Robespierre
Leader of the Committee of Public Safety Advocate of execution of those against the revolution Hated the Old Regime http://www.history.com/shows/modern marvels/videos/guillotine
The Reign of Terror
Robespierre was the main architect Lasted a year long (July 1793 – July 1794) Hasty trials convicting those perceived to be against the revolution to death 40,000 people were killed
Reaction and the Directory
Third Stage of the Revolution Third Constitution created since 1789 The Directory is created, five man directory, with a two house legislature elected by male citizens of property Lasted from 1795-1799 and was a failure
Women in the Revolution
Though women gained some right during the revolution, they also lost others Figures like Olympe de Gouges were sent to the guillotine for supporting the revolution on the behalf of women
Bell Work
“It is better to eat than be eaten.” Look for evidence of this philosophy while pre-viewing the section Pages 182-185
Building Review Guide
11. Why was there discontent with the old regime in France?
Answer There was discontent with the old regime in France because, nobles got the best government jobs; urban workers earned poor wages; peasants’ taxes were high; nobles did not pay their fair share. The Third Estate became unaccepting of their role in society
Building Review Guide
12. Why did a crowd storm the Bastille?
Answer A crowd stormed the Bastille because rumors that royal troops were going to occupy Paris sent a crowd to the Bastille for weaponry. The commander denied access and fired upon the crowd, which started a battle in which the peasants broke into the prison
Building Review Guide
13. What was the slogan of the French Revolution?
Answer “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Building Review Guide
14. What was the Reign of Terror?
Answer A ruthless campaign against people suspected of being enemies of the revolution
Building Review Guide
15. List the reforms that Napoleon made as leader of France Answer Modernized finance Controlled prices Promoted public schools and public works Instituted new law code
Building Review Guide
16. How did Napoleon build an empire in Europe? What were two reasons for his downfall?
Answer The way Napoleon built an empire in Europe was he annexed areas to France, made alliances with nations, put family members on the thrones of nations, and used forceful diplomacy. Two reasons for his downfall were his defeat in Russia, and a unified Europe opposed him.
The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)
Section Four – The Age of Napoleon Begins
The Age of Napoleon Begins
After the execution of King Louis XVI, France entered a state of confusion and chaos without a single leader. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte, a brilliant and ambitious captain in the French army, was rapidly rising in the military ranks. Soon enough, Napoleon would come to rule almost all of Europe. One of his earliest victories in Lodi, Italy, convinced him that he was only just beginning his successful rise to power
WORDS OF NAPOLEON
“From that moment, I foresaw what I might be. Already I felt the earth flee from beneath me, as if I were being carried into the sky.” —Napoleon Bonaparte
Class Work
Work together in pairs to construct an outline of this section. Base your outline on the on the Reading Focus questions on page 182 Pay attention to the bold face headings throughout the section
The Age of Napoleon Begins
The Age of Napoleon lasts from 1799 1815 The final stage of the French Revolution His assent to power over Europe was caused by military domination
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Born on the island of Corsica in 1769 Family’s status was of minor nobles with little wealth Was confused by the conflicting ideas of the French Revolution Waited to choose a side till one proved to be victorious
Early Successes
December 1793, drove British forces out of France Won victories vs the Austrians and captured most of northern Italy 1798 lost to British Forces in Egypt, but hid those stories from the French people
Early Successes
1799 went from victorious general, to a political leader and then overthrew the Directory Created a 3 man governing board known as the Consulate Named himself 1 st for life in 1802 Consul, and as Consul
Self-Made Emperor
Self proclaimed Emperor of France Invited the Pope to his coronation Ripped the crown from the Pope’s hands, and placed the crown on his own head Wanted to prove he owned his throne, not given to him by the Pope
Self-Made Emperor
Plebiscite = a ballot box that takes a yes/no vote of the French People The people ALWAYS supported him
France Under Napoleon
Created a strong central government New motto = order, security and efficiency Old new motto = liberty, equality and fraternity
Reforms
Controlled prices, encouraged new industry and built roads and canals Created a system of public schools Improved relations with Catholics, but kept the Church under state control Made people from every group happy, gave everyone a place to fit in w/in the new regime
Napoleonic Code
Embodied Enlightenment principles – equality of all citizens by law; religious toleration; advancement based on merit Women lost some of what they gained during the revolution; men were in complete control of their wives and children
Building an Empire
1804-1814 furthered his reputation on the battlefield Did not care if he suffered major casualties as long as he won the battle 1810 his Grand Empire was at its largest
The Grand Empire
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Redrew the map of Europe in his own image Annexed the following areas Netherlands Belgium Parts of Italy Parts of Germany Place friends and family on thrones throughout Europe
France versus Britain
Napoleon could not beat Britain Britain relied on their naval strength to hold off the French and Napoleon Instituted the Continental System, closing European ports Britain, in an attempt to destroy them economically
France versus Britain
Continental System ultimately failed to destroy Britain Lead to increased hatred toward France by the rest of Europe
Class Work
After constructing your outline answer questions 1-5 in the Section Assessment on page 185
The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)
Section Five – The End of an Era
Bell Work
Compare the map of France on page 184 to the map of France on page 190 List five changes that resulted from Napoleon’s fall from power
The End of an Era
Other nations in Europe benefited from the reforms of the French Revolution Nationalism was a major reason for Napoleon’s downfall Geography played an important role in napoleon’s defeat in Russia The French people supported Napoleon The Congress of Vienna achieved its goals.
The End of an Era
Read through this section Find evidence that supports or disputes each of the generalizations posted
The End of an Era
Other nations in Europe benefited from the reforms of the French Revolution Nationalism was a major reason for Napoleon’s downfall Geography played an important role in Napoleon’s defeat in Russia The French people supported Napoleon The Congress of Vienna achieved its goals.
Challenges to Napoleon's Empire
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French armies spread the ideas of the French Revolution backed liberal reforms in the lands they conquered abolished titles of nobility ended church privileges opened careers to men of talent ended serfdom
Impact of Nationalism
Nationalism spurred French armies to successes versus opponents From Madrid to the Netherlands, nationalism unleashed revolts against France
Resistance in Spain
French were seen as foreign invaders Overthrew the King of Spain, and replaced by Napoleon's brother Joseph Joseph attempted to put an end to the Spanish Catholic Church Spaniards remained loyal to the King and Church.
French armies responded to resistance violently and Spaniards responded with guerrilla warfare tactics and support from Britain
War with Austria
Napoleon won multiple victories in Austria that entitled him to large land grants with many subjects Napoleon divorces his wife Josephine and married the Austrian princess Marie Louise, giving him ties to the Austrian blood line Now there is an Imperial alliance between France and Austria
Defeat in Moscow
Russians upset with the Continental System and break away from it Napoleon responds by sending his Grand Army of 400,000 troops Russians apply scorched Earth policy and avoid conflict Winter comes and Napoleon wants to retreat - 1000 mile walk back home harsh winter turns hellish, only 10,000 soldiers survive Napoleons reputation is destroyed
Downfall of Napoleon
New alliance forms against France Russia + Britain + Austria + Prussia = the Quadruple Alliance - defeat of Napoleon in the Battle of Nations at Leipzig
Exile and Return
Napoleon banished to the island of Elba never to return King Louis XVIII recognized as the new King of France French people want Napoleon back, afraid things will go back to the "old ways" Napoleon escapes Elba, and returns, the people are happy, Louis XVIII flees, Napoleon reasserts himself as emperor
Battle of Waterloo, Belgium
French army versus Allied army round two... FIGHT!!!!
June 18, 1815- Another allied victory Napoleon forced to abdicate his throne again, and exiled to the island of St. Helena never to return
Congress of Vienna
Chief goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy Redrew the map of Europe so that France was land locked by strong countries restored the King Louis the XVIII to King of France