The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789

Transcript The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789

The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)

Section One - On the Eve of Revolution

Setting the Scene

 Civic Unrest  Factory owner cutting wages, although bread prices are increasing  Enraged workers rioted and vandalized the owners house  “LONG LIVE THE THIRD ESTATE”

The Old Regime

 Ancien regime – old order, carried over from the Middle Ages  First Estate = clergy,  Second Estate = nobility  Third Estate = the vast majority of the population

The Clergy

 1789 the French clergy still held a enormous wealth and privilege  Church owned 10% of the land, collected tithes, and paid no direct taxes to the state  Attacked by Enlightenment thinkers  Provided some social services (schools, hospitals and orphanages)

The Nobles

 In the Middle Ages, noble knights defended the lands  No longer defenders, nobles have top jobs in government, the army, the courts and the Church.  Paid no taxes, though they owned large plots of land

The Third Estate

 1789 the Third Estate totaled about 27 million people (98% of the total pop)  Bourgeoisie = the middle class, in sighted fear into the nobles / hired by the royal bureaucracy to perform jobs nobles previously did

Bourgeoisie

Bankers Merchants Manufacturers Lawyers Doctors Journalists Professors Skilled artisians

The Third Estate

 9 out of 10 members are rural peasant farmers  1.

Poorest members are urban factory workers Apprentices Journeymen Printing workers clothmakers

The Third Estate

 A large number of urban poor were unemployed  Turned to begging or crime  DISCONTENT!!! Cause by resentment

Discontent

 Wealthy bourgeois families had good jobs, but the best jobs were reserved for nobles  Urban workers had miserable wages  Smallest increase in bread threatened starvation

Discontent

 Peasants pad taxes on EVERYTHING  Not allowed to hunt, only nobles were  Enlightenment ideas spread to city centers and people began to question this old order

Economic Troubles

 Deficit spending – government’s spending more money than it takes in

The Burden of Debt

 1.

Louis XIV left France deeply in debt Seven Years’ War American Revolution  To solve financial problems government raised taxes, but nobles and clergy refused to pay.

Poor Harvest

 Sent food prices soaring  Intense hunger to peasants and urban dwellers  People rioted and in the country people attacked the homes of nobles

Failure to Reform

 Louis XV was more interested in pleasure seeking than fixing issues, debt increases  Louis XVI chose Jacques Necker as financial adviser. Nobles and Clergy forced him out when he advised the King to tax them

Louis XVI Calls the Estates General

 1788 France on the verge of bankruptcy  Louis XVI calls for the Estates General, a move that had not been made in 175 years

The Cahiers = notebooks

 Notebooks that listed grievances of each of the estates  Cahiers showed the resentment between classes using terms like “blood suckers” to describe tax collectors

Tennis Court Oath

 Each estate had a single vote within the government  Third estate always outnumber 2 to 1, they wanted a head count, to represent voting  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muezt N2MoGM

Storming the Bastille

 July 14 1789, Spotlight belongs to Paris  Royal troops rumored to occupy Paris  Crowd of over 800 citizens stormed the Bastille demanding gun powder and weapons.

Storming the Bastille

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uI6JFl _sq4

The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)

Section Two – Creating a New France

Bell Work

  1.

Turn your book to page 171 Preview this section Analyze all pictures (read in captions that go along with the picture; i.e. Paris in Arms, and Women March on Versailles) Analyze all red or green headings (don’t read the sections just the headings) Write down four changes that took place in France between 1789 and 1791

FOCUS

 Popular uprisings encouraged the National Assembly to take swift action.

N.A. Swift Actions

Ended feudal privileges Issued a declaration of rights of man and citizen Reorganized the Church Established a limited monarchy

Supporters of the Enlightenment   Applauded the reforms Supported the revolution Supporters of Feudalism   Denounced the reforms Wanted to suppress any revolution that might impact their territory By 1792 revolutionary France was at war with much of Europe.

Reaction throughout Europe

Activity

 1.

Write an eyewitness account f one of the following events Peasants attacking the home of a nobleman 2.

The August 4 th meeting of the National Assembly The women of Paris marching on Versailles The procession of the royal family from Versailles to Pairs The writing of the Constitution of 1791 The unsuccessful flight of the royal family An émigré describing the events in France to the Austrian emperor

Activity

  Your accounts should include a vivid description of the event and the emotions of the people involved Do additional research to make your account more authentic

Activity

 1.

Write an eyewitness account f one of the following events Peasants attacking the home of a nobleman 2.

Bell Work

 Open your book to page 172 and read the Global Connections section  Be ready to answer this question How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?

Revolts in Paris and the Provinces

  The Great Fear Paris in Arms  France is in political, economic and agricultural calamity simultaneously  Bread prices soar, those who could afford it paid 80% of their income on bread

The Great Fear

 Rumors  Tales of attacks on villages and towns   Government troops were seizing peasant crops In reaction to the rumors; defiant peasants attacked the homes of nobles, set fire to old manor records, and stole grain from storehouses.

Paris in Arms

 The Revolutionary center  Factions compete to gain power

National Guard      Moderate Middle Class Marquis de Lafayette “hero of two worlds” Headed the National Guard The Paris Commune     Radical Working Class Could mobilize the masses quickly for protests or violent actions Looked to further the revolution

Paris in Arms

Moderate Reforms

   An End to Special Privilege Declaration of the Rights of Man Women March on Versailles  National Assembly votes to end all privileges to the nobility

An End to Special Privilege

 Feudalism is abolished  Did nobles give up anything that they had not lost already?

 Key enlightenment goal / the equality of all citizens before the law is achieved.

The Big Picture



The National Assembly instituted political and social reforms in the early stages of the revolution.



Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

With a partner turn your books to page 703.

 1.

With the help of your mobile device define these three terms Auspices 2.

 Imprescriptible Indispensable Read the DOROMAC and answer questions 1,2 and 3 at the bottom of the page

Women March on Versailles

Based on this painting, in what ways do you think the march challenged traditional roles of women?

Women March on Versailles

 Famine grips France  October 5, 1789, thousands of women marched to King Louis the XVI’s palace in Versailles  Anger directed at the Queen Marie Antoinette  Mob took the King and Queen to Paris where he could no longer ignore their suffering

The National Assembly Presses Onward  National Assembly followed the King to Paris  Worked aggressively to create a constitution, as well as solve the financial crisis

Reorganizing the Church

 The National Assembly puts the French Catholic Church under state control  Civil Constitution of the clergy – placed bishops and priests became elected, salaried officials  Ended Papal authority  Dissolved convents and monasteries  Not accepted by the church or peasants

Constitution of 1791

 Established a limited monarchy in place of the absolute monarchy  New Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war, and peace  Lawmakers would be elected by tax paying male citizens

Internal Divisions

 Sans-culottes, working-class men and women who pushed the revolution into more radical action  Wanted a republic  Were supported by the radicals in the Legislative Assembly

The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)

Section Three – Radical Days

Setting the Scene

 Read the Setting the Scene section on page176

Monarchy Abolished

 War was happening home and abroad  Prussian forces were cutting down raw French recruits

Outbreaks of Violence

 Battle Disasters lead revolutionaries to believe that the King is on the side of the invaders  August 10, 1792 crowd of angry Parisians stormed the Tuileries and slaughtered the kings’ guards

Outbreaks of Violence

 September Massacres – citizens attacked prisons that held nobles and priests  Blood Thirsty Mobs, or Patriots or defenders of France  Ordinary citizens upset because of real or imagined grievances

The French Republic

 Radicals take control of the National Assembly  Create a new legislative body called the National Convention, controlled by the Jacobins  Convention extends suffrage to all male citizens not just property owners

The French Republic

 Voted to abolish the monarchy and creates the French Republic  Create a new legislative body called the National Convention, deputies drew up a new constitution for France  Convention extends suffrage to all male citizens not just property owners

Bell Work

   Robespierre stated “Louis must die, that the country can live.” What do you think this means? Be prepared to answer this questions aloud after heavily considering it

Death of the King and Queen

 Louis XVI put on trial as a traitor to France  Convicted guilty and sentenced to death  January 1793, Louis was sent to the guillotine and beheaded in Paris  Marie Antoinette was executed in October

Death of the King and Queen

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ASSIGNMENT 10 mins

Read on page 177, Execution of a King  Answer Questions 1 through 3 on a separate sheet of paper  We will talk about this as a class

Convention Defends the Republic

 1.

France is at war with much of Europe Britain The Netherlands Spain Prussia   Royalists and priests led rebellion against the government in the Vendee Convention is dividing – Jacobins vs Girondins

Committee of Public Safety

 Created in order to deal with the threats to France abroad and within its boarders  12 member committee with ultimate power  Required every person in French society to aid in war efforts (page 178)

Robespierre

 Leader of the Committee of Public Safety   Friends called him “The Incorruptible” Enemies called him “a Tyrant”  Believed in Rousseau’s idea of general will as the source of all legitimate law  Promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery

Robespierre

 Leader of the Committee of Public Safety  Advocate of execution of those against the revolution   Hated the Old Regime http://www.history.com/shows/modern marvels/videos/guillotine

The Reign of Terror

 Robespierre was the main architect  Lasted a year long (July 1793 – July 1794)  Hasty trials convicting those perceived to be against the revolution to death  40,000 people were killed

Reaction and the Directory

 Third Stage of the Revolution  Third Constitution created since 1789  The Directory is created, five man directory, with a two house legislature elected by male citizens of property  Lasted from 1795-1799 and was a failure

Women in the Revolution

 Though women gained some right during the revolution, they also lost others  Figures like Olympe de Gouges were sent to the guillotine for supporting the revolution on the behalf of women

Bell Work

   “It is better to eat than be eaten.” Look for evidence of this philosophy while pre-viewing the section Pages 182-185

Building Review Guide

11. Why was there discontent with the old regime in France?

Answer There was discontent with the old regime in France because, nobles got the best government jobs; urban workers earned poor wages; peasants’ taxes were high; nobles did not pay their fair share. The Third Estate became unaccepting of their role in society

Building Review Guide

12. Why did a crowd storm the Bastille?

Answer A crowd stormed the Bastille because rumors that royal troops were going to occupy Paris sent a crowd to the Bastille for weaponry. The commander denied access and fired upon the crowd, which started a battle in which the peasants broke into the prison

Building Review Guide

13. What was the slogan of the French Revolution?

Answer “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

Building Review Guide

14. What was the Reign of Terror?

Answer A ruthless campaign against people suspected of being enemies of the revolution

Building Review Guide

15. List the reforms that Napoleon made as leader of France Answer   Modernized finance Controlled prices   Promoted public schools and public works Instituted new law code

Building Review Guide

16. How did Napoleon build an empire in Europe? What were two reasons for his downfall?

Answer The way Napoleon built an empire in Europe was he annexed areas to France, made alliances with nations, put family members on the thrones of nations, and used forceful diplomacy. Two reasons for his downfall were his defeat in Russia, and a unified Europe opposed him.

The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)

Section Four – The Age of Napoleon Begins

The Age of Napoleon Begins

 After the execution of King Louis XVI, France entered a state of confusion and chaos without a single leader. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte, a brilliant and ambitious captain in the French army, was rapidly rising in the military ranks. Soon enough, Napoleon would come to rule almost all of Europe. One of his earliest victories in Lodi, Italy, convinced him that he was only just beginning his successful rise to power

WORDS OF NAPOLEON

“From that moment, I foresaw what I might be. Already I felt the earth flee from beneath me, as if I were being carried into the sky.” —Napoleon Bonaparte

Class Work

   Work together in pairs to construct an outline of this section. Base your outline on the on the Reading Focus questions on page 182 Pay attention to the bold face headings throughout the section

The Age of Napoleon Begins

  The Age of Napoleon lasts from 1799 1815 The final stage of the French Revolution  His assent to power over Europe was caused by military domination

Napoleon’s Rise to Power

 Born on the island of Corsica in 1769  Family’s status was of minor nobles with little wealth  Was confused by the conflicting ideas of the French Revolution  Waited to choose a side till one proved to be victorious

Early Successes

 December 1793, drove British forces out of France  Won victories vs the Austrians and captured most of northern Italy  1798 lost to British Forces in Egypt, but hid those stories from the French people

Early Successes

 1799 went from victorious general, to a political leader and then overthrew the Directory  Created a 3 man governing board known as the Consulate  Named himself 1 st for life in 1802 Consul, and as Consul

Self-Made Emperor

 Self proclaimed Emperor of France  Invited the Pope to his coronation  Ripped the crown from the Pope’s hands, and placed the crown on his own head  Wanted to prove he owned his throne, not given to him by the Pope

Self-Made Emperor

 Plebiscite = a ballot box that takes a yes/no vote of the French People  The people ALWAYS supported him

France Under Napoleon

 Created a strong central government  New motto = order, security and efficiency  Old new motto = liberty, equality and fraternity

Reforms

 Controlled prices, encouraged new industry and built roads and canals  Created a system of public schools  Improved relations with Catholics, but kept the Church under state control  Made people from every group happy, gave everyone a place to fit in w/in the new regime

Napoleonic Code

 Embodied Enlightenment principles – equality of all citizens by law; religious toleration; advancement based on merit  Women lost some of what they gained during the revolution; men were in complete control of their wives and children

Building an Empire

 1804-1814 furthered his reputation on the battlefield  Did not care if he suffered major casualties as long as he won the battle  1810 his Grand Empire was at its largest

The Grand Empire

  1.

 Redrew the map of Europe in his own image Annexed the following areas Netherlands Belgium Parts of Italy Parts of Germany Place friends and family on thrones throughout Europe

France versus Britain

 Napoleon could not beat Britain  Britain relied on their naval strength to hold off the French and Napoleon  Instituted the Continental System, closing European ports Britain, in an attempt to destroy them economically

France versus Britain

 Continental System ultimately failed to destroy Britain  Lead to increased hatred toward France by the rest of Europe

Class Work

 After constructing your outline answer questions 1-5 in the Section Assessment on page 185

The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)

Section Five – The End of an Era

Bell Work

  Compare the map of France on page 184 to the map of France on page 190 List five changes that resulted from Napoleon’s fall from power

The End of an Era

 Other nations in Europe benefited from the reforms of the French Revolution  Nationalism was a major reason for Napoleon’s downfall  Geography played an important role in napoleon’s defeat in Russia  The French people supported Napoleon  The Congress of Vienna achieved its goals.

The End of an Era

  Read through this section Find evidence that supports or disputes each of the generalizations posted

The End of an Era

 Other nations in Europe benefited from the reforms of the French Revolution  Nationalism was a major reason for Napoleon’s downfall  Geography played an important role in Napoleon’s defeat in Russia  The French people supported Napoleon  The Congress of Vienna achieved its goals.

Challenges to Napoleon's Empire

  French armies spread the ideas of the French Revolution backed liberal reforms in the lands they conquered abolished titles of nobility ended church privileges opened careers to men of talent ended serfdom

Impact of Nationalism

  Nationalism spurred French armies to successes versus opponents From Madrid to the Netherlands, nationalism unleashed revolts against France

Resistance in Spain

     French were seen as foreign invaders Overthrew the King of Spain, and replaced by Napoleon's brother Joseph Joseph attempted to put an end to the Spanish Catholic Church Spaniards remained loyal to the King and Church.

French armies responded to resistance violently and Spaniards responded with guerrilla warfare tactics and support from Britain

War with Austria

   Napoleon won multiple victories in Austria that entitled him to large land grants with many subjects Napoleon divorces his wife Josephine and married the Austrian princess Marie Louise, giving him ties to the Austrian blood line Now there is an Imperial alliance between France and Austria

Defeat in Moscow

      Russians upset with the Continental System and break away from it Napoleon responds by sending his Grand Army of 400,000 troops Russians apply scorched Earth policy and avoid conflict Winter comes and Napoleon wants to retreat - 1000 mile walk back home harsh winter turns hellish, only 10,000 soldiers survive Napoleons reputation is destroyed

Downfall of Napoleon

  New alliance forms against France Russia + Britain + Austria + Prussia = the Quadruple Alliance - defeat of Napoleon in the Battle of Nations at Leipzig

Exile and Return

    Napoleon banished to the island of Elba never to return King Louis XVIII recognized as the new King of France French people want Napoleon back, afraid things will go back to the "old ways" Napoleon escapes Elba, and returns, the people are happy, Louis XVIII flees, Napoleon reasserts himself as emperor

Battle of Waterloo, Belgium

   French army versus Allied army round two... FIGHT!!!!

June 18, 1815- Another allied victory Napoleon forced to abdicate his throne again, and exiled to the island of St. Helena never to return

Congress of Vienna

   Chief goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy Redrew the map of Europe so that France was land locked by strong countries restored the King Louis the XVIII to King of France