Transcript Ethics in the Forensic Sciences: Value Based Decision Making
FRSC 8113 – Professi0nal Preparation Professor Bensley
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Values B.
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Morals Ethics
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Personal Context 1. Five elements B.
Social Context C.
Personal vs. Professional Ethics
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Utilitarianism – The Greater Good 1. Issues B.
Deontological 1. Issues C.
Forensic Science Example 1. The Innocence Project
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The Process 1. Ask the right questions 2. Focus on the main issues 3. Balance determination with compromise 4. Debate possibilities 5. Make a decision B.
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Additional Factors Black and White vs. The Real World
UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR GRAY AREA ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR Personal Standard
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Rationalized Left Shift
Every compromise in personal ethical standards leads to a shift of these standards along the Ethical Continuum
UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR GRAY AREA ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR GRAY AREA ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR Personal Standard UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR GRAY AREA ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR
U N A C C E P T A B L E GRAY AREA ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR Personal Standard
Martin's Law of Compounding Errors No major catastrophic event is the result of a single error. It is the culmination of many smaller, less noticeable errors.
Therefore we do not immediately go from acceptable behavior to unacceptable behavior in a single act.
But rather in a series of slight shifts in our personal standards and the subsequent rationalization of them
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Some Rules?
Results of Decisions – Actions vs. Consequences
45% of employees have lied to their supervisor 51% have committed an unethical act at work: Violated quality standards Lied to cover up breach in quality 36% have lied on or falsified a report SHRM and Ethics Resource Center
Gallup Polls (2/5/01 and 1/8/14) “What do you think is the most important problem facing the country today?”
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2001
Ethics, dishonesty 13%
Education Crime/Violence Dissatisfaction with Government 9% Drugs 12% 9% 7% 2014 1. Dissatisfaction with 21% Government 2. Healthcare 3. Ethics, Dishonesty 4. Poverty, Hunger 5. Immigration 16%
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4% 3%
Profession Auto Mechanics Business Execs Car Salespeople Clergy College Teachers Dentists Funeral Directors Lawyers Medical Doctors Members of Congress Pharmacists Police Officers Telemarketers 2000
22% 23% 7% 60% 59% 58% 36% 17% 63% 21% 67%
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2006 - 2007
25% 14% 5% 53% 58% 62% 47% 15% 64% 9% 71%
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5% Source - http://www.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx
44% 20% 69% 8% 70%
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2011 - 2013
29% 22% 9% 47% 53% 62%
2008 Labor Union Leaders LAWYERS Business Executives Advertisers Stockbrokers Congressmen Car Salesmen Telemarketers
And the lowest:
Lobbyists Sources – Gallup.com, 11/24/08
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The Criminal Justice Culture Science vs. Law Lying and deception Prejudice and discrimination Egosism and abuse of power Opportunity and incentive The Crime Scene The Laboratory The Courtroom Areas of Concern
The Ends Justify The Means If It Is Necessary It Is Ethical If it is Legal and Permissible, It Is Proper Little White Lies Fighting Fire With Fire It Does Not Hurt Anyone Everyone Is Doing It It is OK If I Do Not Personally Gain I’ve Got It Coming I Can Still Be Objective
Josephson Institute of Ethics - making ethical decisions
You arrive at a crime scene and find out it is the house of your wife’s ex-husband and you have a long history of conflict in the past five years. Is it ethical for you to continue on the case?
“No, I would excuse myself from the case mainly to avoid appearance of impropriety.” “Yes, so long as I can explain my conflict of interest to my supervisor, and let him decide.” “Yes, so long as I can separate the personal issue and not let it effect my judgment.”
The defense attorney made a mistake in defending the case on a DNA data and would lose the case for sure. Do you have an obligation to correct him?
“No, each side will use findings in the manner in which they see fit. I can't change that, such is the nature of the beast.” “Yes, if the statement is misleading or in error, as a scientist I must try to rectify the situation because a scientist can't knowingly let misleading or erroneous testimony stand.” “Yes, I will inform my supervisor of it and let him decide.”
If you know your co-worker has falsified some data on a case that you both completed analysis on, would you report it to your supervisor?
“Yes, otherwise I could be part of it.” “No, I am not the supervisor.” “Depend on the nature of the consequences and/or misconduct”
OJ Simpson Case Mishandling of the crime scene processing; Blood evidence left in a hot van for over three hours;
Blood missing from the evidence chain of custody;
Two key forensic workers were found lying in court about their mishandling the crime scene.
FBI Bullet Lead Analysis Video (13 minutes)
Phil Spector Case / Henry Lee Fred Zain Michael West http://www.forensicpage.com/new11.htm
http://www.corpus delicti.com/forensic_fraud.html