Transcript Slide 1

Efficiency, Buildings, and Green
Design
Kevin Schwartzenberg
June 2014
What is Energy Efficiency?
“A measure of the amount of energy required to produce a
product or provide a service”
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Amount of natural gas to keep a house heated to a given temperature
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Amount of gasoline to drive a given distance
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Amount of electricity to produce a given amount of aluminum
Energy Conservation
Energy Conservation: reducing the amount of energy used
Energy Conservation
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
Energy
Efficiency
Reduced
Consumption
To lower the amount of energy
used, we can either
a) use less products and
services
b) increase the efficiency of
providing those products
and services
Distinction from Classical Efficiency
Typically, we talk about efficiency in
terms of energy conversion efficiency
Improving conversion efficiency is one
way to improve energy efficiency…
…but there are other ways
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Amount of mechanical energy from an
engine produced by a given amount of
chemical energy from gasoline
Amount of electrical energy from a solar
panel produced by a given amount of
incident solar energy from the sun
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Reducing weight
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Increasing or decreasing resistance to
heat transfer
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Manufacturing process improvements
The “First” Fuel
Two March 2014 studies on the cost of
electricity saved by efficiency programs
The “First” Fuel
LBNL also looked at the cost of natural gas
efficiency savings
Average cost of
natural gas in
Chicago for
December 2014
Which technological developments do you expect to have the most
impact in your power market?
Buildings
• 36% of total energy use in US
• 65% of total electricity use in US
• 30% of GHG emissions, waste streams, raw
material use
• 12% of water consumption
Energy Use: Residential Buildings
Source: DOE Buildings Energy Data Book
Energy Use: Commercial Buildings
Source: DOE Buildings Energy Data Book
Residential Building Efficiency
Energy Efficient Illinois
Blower Door Test
Source: DOE
Identification of Leaks
Smoke Test
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RbGnSwKKJk
IR Camera Survey
Blower Door Test
Heat Recovery Ventilation System
Typical Findings
Thermal Resistance, R
Overall Heat
Transfer Coefficient
Windows
Efficient Windows Collaborative
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
Source: FujiFilm
http://www.fujifilm.com/about/research/report/058/pdf/index/ff_rd058_012_en.pdf
Low e window coating detail
Electrochromic Smart Windows
Electrochromic – changes color in
response to current flow
Can allow visible light through while
reflecting near infrared radiation (heat)
Conventional (Tank Storage) Hot Water Heater
Characteristics affecting
efficiency:
• Tank insulating
material
• Heating element/
combustion
efficiency
Efficient Hot Water Heater Designs
Tankless (Demand)
Solar
Heat Pump
• Uses heating element
to heat water on
demand
• Eliminates losses due
to standby heating
• Pumps water through
loop from tank to
collector and back
• Reduces fuel use by
utilizing solar
radiation
• Pulls hot air from
surroundings into
heater
• Reduces electricity use
by utilizing hot air (e.g.
furnace room)
Passive Solar Heating
LEED Buildings
Leadership in
Energy &
Environmental
Design
 Green building program that provides a
framework for implementing practical
solutions for green building design,
construction, operations, and maintenance.
Source: USGBC
LEED New Building Rating System
Category
Points
Possible
Sustainable sites
26
Water efficiency
10
Energy & atmosphere
35
Materials & resources
Indoor environmental
quality
Total
14
15
100
Activity
Points
Possible
Optimize energy
consumption over baseline
building
19
Generate renewable energy
on site
7
Use enhanced
commissioning process
2
Enhanced refrigerant
management
2
Create measurement and
verification plan
3
Purchase 35% electricity
from green sources
2
LEED Certification Levels
(Out of 100 points)
Source: USGBC
LEED Building Benefits:
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Lower operational costs
Higher lease-up rates
Better work environment (higher productivity)
Reflects company values
LEED ND
•Primary focus on location and
land use
•Looks beyond individual
buildings
•Different credit categories
Source: USGBC
Hierarchy of Efficiency
Efficient Systems
Data & Controls
Devices
Behaviors
Heirarchy of Efficiency
Efficient Systems
Data & Controls
Devices
Behaviors
Improving Efficiency of Devices
• Efficiency standards
• New technologies
• Market Forces
Household Devices
Steady incremental improvement with
occasional step changes
ODYSSEE, Enerdata, October 2010 update.
Home Appliances
Lighting
Source: The Climate Group
Case Study: Refrigerators
Efficient Devices can have a big impact
Consumer/Operator
behaviors matter
However…
too
Approximately 1 million LED christmas lights
Behavior Case Study: Thermostats
• Heat loss (gain) is proportional to the
difference between inside and outside
temperature.
• Small changes in thermostat setpoint
can have large effects on energy use.
• Setback schedules can also capture
savings
Source: City of Edmond, OK
Thermostat Setbacks
Source: Michael Blasknik via EnergyVanguard.com
Energy efficient behaviors are slow to
catch on
• “The programmable thermostat is the VCR of
our day.” - Deirdre Sullivan, for HouseLogic.com
• LBNL survey found 90% of respondents have
rarely or never programmed their thermostat
because they don’t know how.
One Solution: Automation!
Automation: Nest Thermostat
• Remote control via app
• Learns your patterns
• Results
– 11% reduction in AC energy cost in Southern CA
study
Auto Schedule
Auto Away
More & Better Data
• Meter data resolution up 6 orders of magnitude
• Access to data easier than ever
vs
1 data point per 30 days
1 data point per second
Analysis of 1Hz Smart Meter Data
http://www.im.ethz.ch/publications/weiss_Percom2012.pdf
Framing the message:Benchmarking
Framing the Message: Results
Framing the Message: The Call to
Action
vs
What is Green Design?
“A product design philosophy that treats environmental
impacts as design objectives rather than as constraints”
In other words, it seeks to minimize any of the following impacts of the
product:
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Common air pollutants
GHG emissions
Lead
Eutrophication
Water use/consumption
Solid waste generation
Land use
Principles of Green Design
1.
Inherent Rather Than
Circumstantial
7.
Durability Rather Than
Immortality
2.
Prevention Instead of Treatment
8.
Meet Need, Minimize Excess
3.
Design for Separation
9.
Minimize Material Diversity
4.
Maximize Efficiency
10. Integrate Material and Energy
Flows
5.
Output-Pulled Versus InputPushed
6.
Conserve Complexity
11. Design for Commercial
"Afterlife"
12. Renewable Rather Than
Depleting
* Anastas, P.T., and Zimmerman, J.B., "Design through the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering", Env. Sci. and Tech., 37, 5,
94A-101A, 2003.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
The most valuable tool for green design!
Raw Material
Acquisition
Energy
Material
Processing
Manufacturing
Emissions
Waste
Materials
Use
Co-products
Disposal or
Recycling
Adapted from Masanet
Fertilizer
Production
Fertilizer
Energy
Emissions
System Diagram - Bread
Transportation
Wheat
Farming
Energy
Emissions/Waste
System
Boundary
Wheat
Flour
Milling
Energy
Emissions/Waste
Flour
Baking
Packaging
Material
Production
Other
Ingredient
Production
Bread
Energy
Emissions/Waste
On-site
Storage
Energy
Emissions
Disposal
Use
Functional Unit: 1 kg of bread
Life Cycle Inventory
Carbon Dioxide Emissions (kg)
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
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Economic Input/Output LCA
EIO LCA takes an aggregate approach
Basic assumption:
To produce $1 of goods in a given sector of the economy, it will require $Xi of goods
or services from each sector of the economy, i.
(The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis prepares this data every few years)
Steel
Petroleum Refining
Vehicle Manufacturing
Thus, if we want to understand the impact of producing $100,000 of vehicles, we
can determine the $ amount of steel, petroleum, etc that is required.
EIO LCA Environmental Factors
Final Step:
Calculate the direct environmental impact for a given amount of sector demand
Example:
• $1 of steel = 0.1 tons of CO2e
• $1 of refined petroleum = 0.3 tons of CO2e
• $1 of vehicles = 0.02 tons of CO2e
 Add up impacts based on the economic outputs of each sector for total impact
Advantages of EIO methodology
• Don’t need to draw a boundary
• Less expensive to carry out
• Can be completed more quickly