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Mobile Modeling: Using and Creating iPad and iPod Apps to Shape Students With Disabilities
Amanda J. Rockinson-Szapkiw, LPC, Ed.D.
Justin M. Tucker
Carolyn Wicks, Ed.D.
Liberty University
School of Education
Introduction
Modeling is a technique that is often used to teach new skills to students
with disabilities. Modeling is effective for teaching communication, social,
and functional living skills to students with emotional, behavioral, and
cognitive disorders (Werts, Caldwell, & Wolery, 1996). Video modeling
and audio prompts can be as effective as live modeling (Murzynski &
Bourret, 2007; Rehfeldt, Dahman, Young, Cherry, & Davis, 2003). In fact,
some researchers have suggested that video modeling results in more
rapid acquisition of skills than live modeling and may even be more
generalizable across environments (Charlop & Milstein ,1989). With the
introduction of mobile devises, students can be provided with pictorial
instructions , audio prompts, and video modeling at any time in any place.
Research is beginning to demonstrate that the use of mobile devices for
these purposes is effective (Furniss et al., 2011; Hammond, Whatley,
Ayres, & Gast , 2010).
iPad and iPod Apps
•Model Me Going Place (FREE) Shows children, ages 2-8, in a photo slide show
involved in activities in the community. It is
designed to familiarize children with locations
that may be challenging, and to help teach
appropriate behavior in these locations through
peer modeling. Topics include
doctor, mall, birthday
party, hairdresser, dentist, grocery
store, transportation, library, playground, restaur
ant, and school.
•Story Kit (FREE) – Allows children to create
electronic story books or recreate one of four
public domain children's books such as The
Three Bears or Three Little Pigs.
Developers of iPad and ipod touch applications have developed a variety
of tools with pictorial instructions , audio prompts, and video modeling for
teaching students with disabilities. Apps like Story Kit, Puppet Pals, Strip
Design, Model Me Kids, and Popplet are some of the many applications .
Several of these applications have been effectively used in homes and
the school system.
•Everyday Social Skills ($0.99) Recorded with human quality audio, this
app allows users to watch videos modeling
basic social skills critical for daily living.
PointsApps
UsesKey
Beyond
Videos – Use the iPad or iPod to show educational videos that model
desired behavior. For example, Wallace & Gromit features a mute dog,
Gromit ,who demonstrates what he is thinking and feeling via his facial
expressions and his actions. A cartoon such as this can be used to
demonstrate desired behaviors and to discuss how people show their
thoughts and feelings.
Suggestions for Research
Individuals associated with institutions of higher learning, special
education centers and foundations, and k-12 educational setting need
constantly research and identify new methods and applications that can
be used to better serve students with disabilities. Single subject case
studies are needed to further investigate the effectiveness of using the
iPad and corresponding apps compared to traditional video modeling
methods.
Software developers and researchers need to examine additional uses
that could make enhance education and improve tasks performance for
students with disabilities. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology are exploring the such things. For example, they could
examine if the location data function could deliver options for speaking
that depend on a particular place. Matthew Goodwin, the director of
clinical research at the MIT Media Lab, suggested that software for iPad
could also be developed to simulate speech based on just a few syllables
of a person's voice,
•Popplet ($4.99) – Using a simple
interface, Popplet serves as a
presentation platform where ideas can
be sorted visually, enhanced with audio,
diagrams and displays, and interactive
tools such as scrapbooks and charts
Why use the iPad?
Mobility – The iPad and iPod are compact, lightweight, and easy to
travel, making it extremely easy to use in a multitude of settings. This is a
great alternative to expensive heavy machines often used for video
modeling and other educational interactions with children with disabilities.
The great thing about the iPad is that it is portable, yet still accessible.
Affordability - The iPad or iPod are relatively inexpensive compared to .
Technologies often used for video modeling and other educational
interactions with children with disabilities. For example, the text-to-speech
machines often used with children with autism are large and expensive;
prices can range from $8,000 to $10,000. Speech devices from
companies like DynaVox Inc. and Prentke Romich Co. range from about
$2,500 on the low end to $15,000 for a device. An iPad and apps cost
about $500.to $1,000.
Sociability- The iPad also helps remove some of the social stigma that
students with disabilities sometimes experience. Often assistive
technologies and devices are bulky. In an interview, Bill Thompson, a
school psychologist in California with the Orange County Department of
Education who has made several apps to help children with disabilities,
says about the iPad “"But now you might have a kid who struggles with
bridging the social gap have kids come up and want to see what they're
doing. It really has a 'norming' quality."
References
•Quick Cues ($4.99) – This social
script app is designed to help
individuals on the autism
spectrum handle new situations
and learn new social skills by
modeling everyday situations.
Hidden Curriculum for Kids ($1.99) – While some children with autistism may
pick up on hidden curriculum easily, most do not. Hidden Curriculum for Kids
provides users with real life entries that help spark conversations about “countless
‘unwritten social rules’” encountered on a daily basis.
Stories2Learn ($13.99) – This app allows educators to create personalized stories
with photos, text, and audio messages, which can then be used to model effective
social skills, techniques, and activities.
Social Skills ($6.99) – Using six social narratives designed to help individuals
improve social abilities, the Social Skills app provides targeted instruction and
modeling in the areas of non-verbal communication, greetings, structured gameplaying, turn taking, classroom rules, and imitation.
Pictello ($18.99) – Pictello allows users to design talking photo albums and books,
a feature that can be used to create visual social stories that model basic social
skills for students. Each album or book can be shared between iPods or iPads and
a free file sharing program.
“The machines offer a sense of independence many
children, especially those with disabilities, may never have
experienced before”
- Shah (2011)
Charlop-Christy, M.H., Le, L., & Freeman, K.A. (2000). A comparison of video modeling with in vivo
modeling for teaching children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30,
537-552.
Hammond, D. L., Whatley, A. D., Ayres, K. M., & Gast, D. L. (2010). Effectiveness of video
modeling to teach iPod use to students with moderate intellectual disabilities. Education and
Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 525–538.
Furniss, F., Ward, A., Rocha, N., Cunha, B., Seedhouse, P., Morato, P., & Waddell, N. (1999). A
palmtop-based job aid for workers with severe intellectual disabilities. Technology and Disability,
10, 53–67.
Murzynski, N.T., & Bourret, J.C. (2007). Combining video modeling and least-to-most prompting for
establishing response chains. Behavioral Interventions, 22, 147-152.
Rehfeldt, R.A., Dahman, D., Young, A., Cherry, H., & Davis, P. (2003). Teaching a simple meal
preparation skill to adults with moderate and severe mental retardation using video modeling.
Behavioral Interventions, 18, 209-218.
Werts, M.G., Caldwell, N.K., & Wolery, M. (1996). Peer modeling of response chains:
observational learning by students with disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,
29, 53-66.
http://blog.autismspectrumdirectory.com/2011/01/14/ipad-ipod-touch-and-iphone-apps-socialskills-social-stories-and-scripts/
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703440004575547971877769154.html#ixzz1caft
Pbd3
Nirvi Shah. (2011, March). Special Ed. Pupils Find Learning Tool in iPad Applications. Education
Week, 30(22), 1, 16, 17. Retrieved October 15, 2011, from Research Library. (Document
ID: 2291482621).
Amanda J. Rockinson-Szapkiw, LPC, Ed.D.
Chair of Doctoral Research & Assistant
Professor
[email protected]
Justin M. Tucker
Undergraduate Student & Assistant for
Doctoral Research
[email protected]
Carolyn Wicks, Ed.D.
Teaching Fellow
[email protected]