Transcript נשימת התא

‫נשימת התא‬
‫כיצד תאים מפיקים‬
‫אנרגיה מחומרי המזון ?‬
‫ שלבים‬3
‫במטבוליזם של‬
‫מזון‬
Modified from Figure 4-2, Page 109 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫מטבוליזם של סוכרים‬
Modified from Figure 4-1, Page 107 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫גליקוליז‬
‫ה‬
‫ שלבים‬3 
‫עיקריים‬
Modified from Figure 4-3, Page 111 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
1 ‫שלב‬
‫ פוספורילציה‬
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
2 ‫שלב‬
‫ איזומריזציה‬
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
3 ‫שלב‬
‫ פוספורילציה‬
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 4
Cleavage 
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 5
Isomerization 
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 6
Oxidation 
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 7
Substrate Phosphorylation 
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 8
Isomerization 
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 9
Dehydration 
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
10 ‫שלב‬
‫ פוספןרילציה של הסובםטרט‬
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫התוצרים נטו של הגליקוליזה‬
‫ מולקולות‬2 -ATP 
‫ מולקולות‬2 -NADH 
‫ מולקולות‬2 – )‫ (פירובט‬Pyruvate 
Modified from Panel 4-1, Page 112-113 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫הפירובט נכנס למיטוכונדריה‬
Modified from Figure 4-2, Page 109 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Co-A ‫פירובט הופך לאצטיל‬
1-CO2 : ‫ תוצרים‬
1-NADH
Modified from Figure 4-8, Page 118 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫מעגל קרבס‬
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
 (TCA) cycle
 Citric Acid Cycle

Modified from Figure 4-11, Page 120 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 1
•Hydrolysis
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 2
•Isomerization
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 3
•Oxidation
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 4
•Oxidation
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 5
•Substrate Phosphorylation
•Hydrolysis
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 6
•Oxidation
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 7
•Hydrolysis
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Step 8
•Oxidation
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫מעגל קרבס‬
Modified from Panel 4-2, Page 122-123 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫מבט נוסף על המעגל‬
Modified from Figure 4-11, Page 120 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫תוצרי מעגל קרבס‬
: ‫ תוצאות נטו‬
3 NADH 
1GTP  1 ATP 
1 FADH2 
2 CO2 
Modified from Figure 4-11, Page 120 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫נשימה – סיכום ביניים‬
‫ממולקולת גלוקוז ‪ 1‬התקבלו ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 2‬פירובט‬
‫‪2 NADH‬‬
‫‪2 acetyl CoA‬‬
‫‪2 Co2‬‬
‫‪ ‬גליקוליזה‬
‫‪2 ATP ‬‬
‫‪2 NADH ‬‬
‫‪2 Pyruvate ‬‬
‫צימוד כמואוסמוטי‬
‫‪‬ראקציות כימיות היוצרות ‪ATP‬‬
‫מצומדות לתהליר של טרנספורט‬
‫ממברנלי‪.‬‬
‫זירחון חימצוני‬
‫‪ ‬כולל ‪ 2‬שלבים ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬מעבר אלקטרונים – מעבר ‪ e-‬ל‪O2 -‬‬
‫משמש לשאיבת יוני ‪ H+‬דרך הממברנה‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ייצור ‪ – ATP‬ניצול גרדיאנט ‪( H+‬משני‬
‫עברי הממברנה) ע"י ‪ATP synthetase‬‬
‫ליצירת ‪.ATP‬‬
‫זירחון חימצוני‬

e- ‫מעבר‬
ATP ‫ייצור‬
Modified from Figure 13-3, Page 409 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫פוספורילציה חימצונית‬
Electron 
Transport is in
the inner
mitochodrial
membrane
H+ are pumped 
into the intermembrane
space
Modified from Figure 13-7, Page 412 from:
Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997,
Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫מעבר אלקטרונים‬
‫ קומפלקסים אינזימטיים‬3 
FADH2
1
2
3
Modified from Figure 13-10, Page 415 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫חיזור בתהליך העברת האלקטרונים‬
Modified from Figure
13-21, Page 426 from:
Essential Cell Biology
by Alberts et al. 1997,
Garland Publishing
Inc. New York, NY
‫הגרדיאנט האלקטרוכימי‬
Modified from Figure 13-12, Page 416 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
ATP ‫סינתזת‬
‫גרדיאנט הפרוטונים האלקטרוכימי מניע את‬
.ATP -‫ייצור ה‬
Modified from Figure 13-13, Page 417 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
ATP Synthase
(Fo)
Modified
from Figure
13-14, Page
418 from:
Essential
Cell Biology
by Alberts
et al. 1997,
Garland
Publishing
Inc. New
York, NY
ATP Synthase
Modified
from Figure
16-30, Page
645 from:
Molecular
Cell Biology
by Lodish et
al. 2000,
W.H.
Freeman
and Co.,
New York,
NY
ATP Synthase Is Reversible
Modified
from
Figure
13-15,
Page 418
from:
Essential
Cell
Biology
by
Alberts et
al. 1997,
Garland
Publishin
g Inc.
New
York,
NY
Proton Gradients Drive Many
Processes
Modified from Figure 13-16, Page 419 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
‫‪ ATP‬סינתטאז (‪)Synthase‬‬
‫‪ 1 e- ‬דרוש לשאיבת ‪ 10 H+‬מהצד הפנימי של‬
‫הממברנה לצידה החיצוני‪.‬‬
‫‪ 4 H+ ‬דרושים ליצירת ‪ ATP‬אחד ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 3 ‬דרושים לסינתזה‬
‫‪ 1 ‬להוצאה‬
‫‪ ‬ולכן ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 NADH = 2.5 ATP ‬‬
‫מבט כולל על הנשימה‬
: ‫ממולקולת גלוקוז אחת התקבלו‬
Process
Glycolysis
Product
2 NADH (cytosolic)
2 ATP
Pyruvate Oxidation
2 NADH (Mito Matrix)
Krebs Cycle
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP
Total Yield per molecule of Glucose
Final ATP
3
2
5
15
3
2
30