Transcript Document

Carl Jung
© Lucie Johnson 2003
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© Lucie Johnson
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In addition to being a
psychologist
• Jung was an artist:
– He painted, drew and sculpted
– He designed and built a “Tower” for
himself
• Jung was somewhat of a mystic:
– He thought that repressing one’s
spiritual calling would create
psychological problems in the
individual.
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Jung's ways of thinking :
• Quantitative:
– He did an experimental study of word
associations
– He analyzed thousands of dreams
• Qualitative:
– He relied on the clinical, case study method
• Analogical and symbolic:
– In his theories involving the collective
unconscious, archetypes and psychological
alchemy
– In the mandalas he drew, and the art he
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word associations &
complexes
• Francis Galton was the first one to use this
method on himself (1879)
• Jung created a list of 100 words.
– He looked not only at the content of the
associations but also at how long it took the
subject to answer, and any reactions around
the response.
• Words giving rise to longer response times
etc… may be connected by common
unconscious (repressed) emotional
themes or complexes.
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An example of
diagnosis(1)
• A 30 year old woman had atypical
responses on the following words:
– Obstinate: it means nothing to me
– Evil: no answer
– Blue: the eyes of the child I have lost
• What had happened:
– Her daughter and little son were being given
a bath. She saw her daughter suck on a bath
sponge,thought of stopping her, but did not
interfere. The water was infected and the girl
died of typhoid fever.
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Diagnosis (2)
• Two weeks before:
– The woman had found out that a man (with
similar blue eyes) she had very much loved
had in fact wanted to marry her, and was
angry she married another.
– But she had not known, and under family
pressure had married her current husband,
and had two children by him.
– She repressed her feelings when learning this.
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Diagnosis (3)
• The woman said:
– She had seen her daughter suck the sponge,
thought of stopping her (thought the water
might be contaminated) but did not. She did
not do anything to protect her little son either.
• Jung’s interpretation:
– The serious negligence (which was almost
murder) resulted from an unconscious desire
to undo her marriage.
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What happened
• Jung gave this interpretation to the
woman --who did not say much.
• The woman, who had been hospitalized
for (seemingly) acute schizophrenia, got
better and within 3 weeks could go
home.
• Facing the guilt, said Jung, and being
aware of her motives is what healed her.
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Beyond the personal
Unconscious
• Is the collective unconscious, an
impersonal or transpersonal unconscious,
common to all humans
• In it are images and ideas common to all.
These archetypes are templates of sort,
able to shape experience in particular
ways.
• Archetypes are a repository of ancestral
memory in symbolic and mythical form.
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Archetypes and
spirituality
• Common archetypes across cultures
provide us with a readiness to understand
each other at a spiritual level as well as at
a psychological level.
• Christian missionaries such as Don
Richardson in Eternity in Their Hearts talk
about "redemptive analogies", stories,
images in many cultures that echo with
the Gospel.
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Some well known
archetypes
• Child
• Mother
• Trickster or
Magician
• Hero
• Shadow
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•
•
•
•
Animus
Anima
Wise-man
Persona
Link to pictorial
representations of
archetypes
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Archetypes and society
• Jung felt that, not only individuals
but also groups of people, nations,
may project a single archetype at a
given moment of history.
• What archetypes is our nation
projecting just now, as we are faced
with the issue of terrorism and
possible war?
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Archetypes and dreams
• Most dreams reflect the personal
unconscious
• Some rare dreams have archetypal
content. Some cultures call them “great
dreams”, connected to a person’s calling
or destiny, and to society as well.
• A good link to Jungian dream
interpretation
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Archetypes and
synchronicity
• An example of synchronicity:
– as you rummage through some old things one evening,
you come upon a picture of an old friend you have not
heard from in years. The next day, as you have a cup
of coffee at Starbucks, guess who walks in…
• Jung says:
– Events can be related through meaning as well as
causality, there can be “meaningful simultaneity” -here through an archetype activated by your emotion
as you looked at the picture.
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Is this weird yet?
• Probably so, for some of the readers,
and it is intriguing for others.
• Jung would say, that is probably
because the readers have different
personality types.
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Jungian attitude types
• Introversion:
– what is primary is the inner life (hence prefers
intimacy needs more time alone).
• Extroversion:
– what is primary is the external world (hence
more outgoing, adapts easily)
• Which is stronger in you?
– (it is a question of preference --we all can be
one or the other at times.
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Orientation toward the
world
(what Jung calls ectopsychic functions)
• Irrational functions (perception)
– N: Intuition (awareness, hunches, connection
with the unconscious)
– S: Sensing (observation of external facts)
Which is stronger in you?
• Rational functions (judgment)
– T: Thinking (what a thing is, use of concepts)
– F: Feeling (the value of a thing, whether
something is agreeable or disagreeable)
Which is stronger in you?
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Which orientation
dominates your
behavior?
• P: Perceptual? (irrational)
– Tendency to flow with things, with what
is there now
• J: Judgment? (rational)
– Tendency to organize, schedule
• Note: this dimension is an addition
by Myers, and present in the Myers
Briggs.
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16 personality types
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•
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•
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ESFP
ESFJ
ESTP
ESTJ
ENFP
ENFJ
ENTP
ENTJ
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Functions in red dominate
the personality, function in
blue indicates weakness
or blind spot
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ISFP
ISFJ
ISTP
ISTJ
INFP
INFJ
INTP
INTJ
Functions in red dominate
the personality, function in
blue indicates weakness
or blind spot
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16 ways to be healthy
• There is not just one way to be healthy,
there are many ways.
• Every way to be --even healthily-- is
incomplete and has weaknesses.
• To be whole, we need the help of others,
who have weaknesses where we have
strengths.
That is a cherished idea of the Apostle Paul
as well. See for example Rom 12:1-8
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the process of
individuation
• The process by which individuals grow,
develop their patterns of relationship w/
their personal and collective
unconscious.
• The pursuit of inner harmony that brings
together in harmony the various
conflicting themes, antagonistic forces in
one’s personality.
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The transcendent
function
• Transcendent function
– is the name Jung gives to the drive we have
in ourselves to grow and reconcile our
polarities.
• Enantiodromia
– Is the name given to the process itself.
Literally, it means: “running against”. We grow
by developing the qualities, themes, we have
neglected before, and we become less onesided.
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Adult development
• Suppose a person started adult life
– by being strongly career-oriented, then, after
15-20 years, the more nurturing, personoriented aspects of personality will develop
(or vice-versa)
• Jung says that, in the middle years,
– the Self archetype develops, and, he says, in
our culture, the most perfect symbol of the
Self is Christ.
– The Self is the center of who one is, and little
by little it supplants the more narrow ego
– The Self, say Jung, is indistinguishable from the
image of God I us.
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Helps to growth
• Jung thought that the use of active
imagination greatly facilitated
development.
• Hence, he encouraged journaling,
imagining, drawing, expressing oneself in
creative ways.
• One type of drawing he payed particular
attention to is the mandala.
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mandala
• The mandala (from a sanskrit word
meaning “circle”)
– Is a circular drawing, often divided into
various segments and layers. Jung saw the
mandalas he and his patients drew as
representing various aspects of the self.
– Mandalas have been and are used by various
cultures in that way also: there are
mythological and ritual mandalas.
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Briefly…
• One of the most popular aspects of Jung’s
theory has been that of personality types (Myers
Briggs test)
• His ideas on adult development have been
widely used.
• His theory is the first psychological theory
incorporating cross-cultural elements.
• His theory also leaves room for the spiritual,
hence religious practitioners (like Christians) have
used it --and others have strongly objected to it
because they view it as too syncretic.
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And You?
What do you think?
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