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Section 1
Early American Culture
The British colonies were shaped by
prosperity, literacy, and new movements in
religion and thought.
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Early American Culture
Land, Rights, and Wealth
• Cheap farmland, many resources give
colonists chance to prosper
• Property owners, landowners, city dwellers
who pay fee could vote
• American colonies have three classes:
- high rank—large landowners
- middle rank—small farmers
- low rank—servants, slaves, hired workers
• Colonial women hold the same rank as their
husbands or fathers
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Women and the Economy
• Enslaved African women help raise cash crops
• Most white women are farm wives: do
housework, tend gardens, animals
• Also work in fields, barter with neighbors for
goods and services
• Women in towns do housework, some run
inns, businesses
• Women could not vote, preach, or hold office
• Women could not own property without
husband’s permission
Women working in Colonial
Tin ware shop (18th century).
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Young People at Work
• Colonial families often large; more children
means more workers
• At age 6, boys are “breeched,” help father at
work
• At age 11, boys often become apprentices—
learn trade from craftsmen
• Work free 4—7 years; receive necessities,
training; then work for wages
• Girls rarely apprenticed, learn household skills
from mother
• At age 13 or 14, often sent to households to
learn specialized skills
A potter and assistants working in
Colonial America (18th century).
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Colonial Schooling
• Most children are taught to read to understand
Bible
• Only children from rich families learn writing,
arithmetic
• Poor children learn reading from mother or
“dame schools”
• Textbooks emphasize religion
• Colonial America has high literacy rate
• Educated African Americans rare; illegal to
teach enslaved to read
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Newspapers and Books
• Many newspapers appear in colonial America
• Most books come from England; gradually
colonists publish own books
• Almanacs, regional histories, personal stories
are popular
• Captivity narratives popular, about colonists
captured by Native Americans
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The Great Awakening
• Many colonists lose religious passion; religion
seems dry, distant
• In 1730s, 1740s, the Great Awakening
religious movement is influential:
- emphasizes inner religious emotion
- deemphasizes outward religious behavior
• Jonathan Edwards is a popular preacher
involved with Great Awakening
Continued . . .
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continued The
Great Awakening
• Great Awakening changes colonial culture:
- congregations argue about religious
practices, split apart
- many join other Protestant groups
- some groups welcome women
- some groups welcome African Americans,
Native Americans
• Inspires George Whitefield; sermons raise
money for home for orphans
• Great Awakening encourages equality, right to
English evangelist George Whitefield
challenge authority
giving a sermon (18th century).
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The Enlightenment
• The Enlightenment emphasizes knowledge
through reason, science
• Benjamin Franklin is famous American
Enlightenment figure
• Enlightenment begins in Europe; scientists
discover natural laws
Continued . . .
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continued The
Enlightenment
• English philosopher John Locke says people
have natural rights:
- rights to life, liberty, property
- natural rights protected by government
- if government fails, people have right to
change it
• Ideas about natural rights, government
influence Europe, colonies
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Section 2
Roots of Representation
Colonists expected their government to
preserve their basic rights as English
subjects.
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Roots of Representation
The Rights of Englishmen
• In 1215, King John is forced to accept Magna
Carta (Great Charter)
• Magna Carta grants rights to English
noblemen and freemen:
- cannot have property seized by king or his
officials
- in most cases, cannot be taxed unless
council agrees
- cannot be put on trial without witnesses
- can be punished only by jury of peers
• Over time, rights of Magna Carta are granted
to all English people
King John signs the Magna Carta
in 1215. Illustration
after Alonzo Chappel.
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Parliament and Colonial Government
• Parliament—England’s chief lawmaking body
has two houses:
- members of House of Commons are elected
by the people
- members of House of Lords are nonelected
• English colonists form representative
assemblies like House of Commons
Continued . . .
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continued Parliament
and Colonial Government
• English colonists govern themselves in some
ways
• England has authority over colonial
governments
• Parliament has no colonial representatives
• Passes laws that affect colonies
• Colonists dislike these laws, clash with kingappointed royal governor
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A Royal Governor’s Rule
• James II becomes king (1685), imposes strict
rule on colonies
• Combines Massachusetts and Northern
colonies into one dominion
• Appoints royal governor Edmund Andros to
rule dominion
• Andros ends representative assemblies;
colonists refuse to pay taxes
Sir Edmund Andros, British Colonial
governor in America.
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England’s Glorious Revolution
• English Parliament overthrows King James,
appoints William and Mary
• Change in leadership is called England’s
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Continued . . .
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continued England’s
Glorious Revolution
• William and Mary uphold the English Bill of
Rights (1689):
- monarch cannot cancel laws,
- cannot impose taxes unless Parliament
agrees
- free elections, frequent meetings of
Parliament
- excessive fines and cruel punishment
forbidden
- people can complain to monarch without
being arrested
• Establishes government based on law, not on
desires of ruler
• American colonists claim these rights
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Shared Power in the Colonies
• After Glorious Revolution, Massachusetts
regains self-government
• Still have king-appointed royal governor
• Governor, his council, colonial assembly share
power
Continued . . .
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continued Shared
Power in the Colonies
• Royal governor can strike down laws
• Colonial assembly responsible for governor’s
salary
• If governor blocks law, assembly might refuse
to pay him
• England has little involvement in colonial
affairs—salutary neglect
• Governors rarely enforce certain laws;
colonists feel independent
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The Zenger Trial
• John Peter Zenger—publisher of New-York
Weekly Journal
• In 1735, he prints criticism of New York’s
governor
• At the time, illegal to criticize government in
print
• Stands trial; jury says he has right to speak
truth
• Is released; colonists move toward freedom of
press
Journalist John Peter Zenger acquitted in libel
case (1735)—a victory for freedom of the press.
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Section 3
The French and Indian
War
Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War
forced France to give up its North American
colonies.
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The French and Indian
War
France Claims Western Lands
• French claim territory from Appalachian range
to Rocky Mountains (1682)
• Main French settlements along the St.
Lawrence River in Canada
• Colony of New France’s population about
80,000 (1760)
• British colonies’ population more than a million
settlers (1760)
• Many Europeans in New France work as fur
traders
A French trader visits a Native
American family.
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Native American Alliances
• English compete with French for furs
• Native American groups compete to supply
furs to Europeans
• Huron, Algonquin peoples allies of French;
Iroquois allies of English
• Series of wars between French, English, and
Native American allies
• Final war is the French and Indian War
(1754—1763)
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Conflict in the Ohio River Valley
• British fur traders move into Ohio River Valley
(1750s)
• French destroy village and British trading post
to keep British out
• French build forts to protect region; Virginia
colony upset, claim region
• French refuse to leave, capture English fort,
rename it Fort Duquesne
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War Begins and Spreads
• George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity
to French troops (1754)
• French and Indian War part of larger Seven
Years’ War
• Seven Years’ War is worldwide struggle for
empire between Britain, France
• Iroquois refuse to ally themselves with British
• Benjamin Franklin’s plan to unite colonies—
Albany Plan of Union
• Colonial legislatures defeat this plan
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Braddock’s Defeat
• British send General Edward Braddock, two
regiments to Virginia
• Braddock and his troops defeated by French
and Indian troops (1755)
• Braddock killed; second-in-command
Washington miraculously survives
Interactive
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The British Take Quebec
• By 1759, British control six French forts
• For two months British unable to capture the
fort at Quebec
• Finally, British troops sneak up cliff path, attack
fort in morning
• British commander James Wolfe, French
commander Montcalm killed
• British defeat French at Battle of Quebec;
turning point of war
British troops disembark and climb cliff path
in attack on French Quebec (1759).
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The Treaty of Paris
• Britain, France battle in other parts of world
three more years
• Seven Years’ War ends in 1763; British win
• Treaty of Paris:
- Britain claims all of North America east of
the Mississippi
- France gives New Orleans and Louisiana
territory to Spain
- Britain gives Cuba, Philippines to Spain for
Florida
- ends French power in North America
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Pontiac’s Rebellion
• British settlers move onto Native American
lands
• Native Americans attack settlers, destroy
forts—Pontiac’s Rebellion
• British give Delaware war leaders smallpoxinfected blankets
• This starts deadly outbreak; Native Americans
retreat
• British issue Proclamation of 1763:
- forbids colonists to settle west of
Appalachians
- angers colonists who thought they had won
right to settle
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