Transcript Document

国际化大趋势
与开放大学的对外交流
王一兵
浙江大学、
北京外国语大学客座教授
亚太大学革新网络、
上海远程教育集团顾问教授
前联合国教科文组织亚太地区总办
事处高等及远程教育计划专家
一 高校和电大对外交
流面临的新挑战
新机遇
二 上海电大的实践和
启示
三 电大对外交流的战
略选择
一.从扩招谈起:
是金色的一页还是闯了祸?
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改变了精英教育性质,
超过百万的更多的青年学子的圆梦机会,
促进社会公平,
人口资源大国、强国,
总体竞争力,
经济稳定、健康和持续发展,
小康社会、和谐社会和创新型社会
扩招是闯了祸?
• 部分大学毕业生就业难和失业
• 35%的毕业生因为毕业时找不到工作
而后悔上大学
• 政府官员因此担心影响社会安定,就
业率作为考核学校的指标,
• 媒体提出是否扩招闯了祸?
扩招是否有必要,是否错了?
• 1998年联合国教科文组织召开,有182个会员
国参加,包括中国教育部部长举手通过的世界
高等教育宣言就是一个明证。它提出,只要学
业合格,人人应当享有接受高等教育的权利,
并重申这是当今一项基本人权,呼吁各国教育
体制应当通过改革变得开放灵活以方便学生进
出。
• 不应忘记,一年后中国政府作出扩招的历史性
决策时的背景
• 中国扩招决策不是早了,而是迟了;不是错了,
而是顺应潮流、反映历史发展规律的英名之举。
按照计划经济体制下高等教育发展
的传统理论,也无可厚非。如果说
中国过去25年经济平均增长为10%,
以1983年全国普通和成人高校在校
生233.52万为基数,并以相同口径
和年增长10%计算, 2006年中国
这一部分的大学生数应为1900.91
万,现在实际为1997.85万
扩招有无缺憾?
• 对数量的大幅扩张并使中国高等教育性
质上进入大众化阶段以后可能引起的深
层次矛盾缺乏深入研究、预想和准备相
应对策.
• 扩招后引起的就业、质量和公平三大热
点问题,
扩招激起和催化了中国高等教育
面临的深层次矛盾
• 就业. 北京华风科技公司人事干部赵锴说:“有
人说,中国的大学生找不到工作是因为人太多了,
而就我个人的就业经历和曾经招聘过几百人的一
点点经验告诉我,人多远远不是问题的核心,因
为你发现现在10个公司有9个公司说找不到好的人
才、适合本企业的人才、一看就喜欢上的人才.
• 麦肯席公司2005年11月对80多位人力主管调查后
显示,只有不到10%的求职者符合外资公司的会
计、财务、工程等岗位的要求。大多数人缺乏的
是语言和文化沟通能力。结论:除了水资源、能
源和基础设施之外,人才是中国增长的最大瓶颈。
• 市场经济已经成为我国经济的主导
运行机制,毕业生就业都要经过市场
检验、筛选和锤炼
• 中国经济的对外依存度:70%
• 发达国家平均17%
• 影响和要求
• 根本问题是中国高校是否和是否能
够为毕业生应对不好了环境做好了
准备?
• 专业、课程、管理、学生知识、能力、
技能、人格、品质、 学校与社会的
联系、合作等方面的革新和变革
• 性质上从精英教育向大众化高等教育过
渡;
• 服务对象从不发达的农业和工业经济向
开放的面向全球的外向型经济过渡;
• 高等学校的地位从社会边缘向社会中心
移动;
• 其赖以生存的体制从中央集权的计划体
制缓慢的向适应市场经济的方向演变.
• 北美和欧洲发达国家高等教育大众化的历史表
明,旧有的适应精英高等教育的象牙塔办学模式
难以完成或者也不应该由它们承担高等教育大
众化的使命,必然并且都实际上创造了新的办学
模式,新的管理、拨款机制和运行机制,新的五
花八门的专业课程,与服务对象的新的更加开放、
多重、紧密的互动和联系,体制内的沟通、互认
和为每个人提供多重流动、深造机会的立交体
系,这些创新有些是政策设计的结果,有些则是
民权和教育民主化运动逼出来的
• 欧盟瓦格纳博士说,当今高等教育大众化
的问题来自于规模上已实现了大众化但
理念仍停留在精英阶段的体制。(高等教
育)内在的理念,目标和行动的变化没有
及时跟上其近来发生的规模,结构,经
费和管理的外在变化. Wagner (1995)。
此论实乃画龙点睛.
核心问题之一是:
高等教育包括远程教育要不要
面对经济全球化的挑战?
高等教育包括远程教育要不
要接受国际化的理念?
相应的改革、革新和相关政
策是什么?
一 高校和电大对外流面临的新挑战新机遇
- 国际化的理念和途径
1. Jane Knight (1999) arrived at the
following working definition:
"Internationalization of higher
education is the process of
integrating an international
/intercultural dimension into the
teaching, research and service
functions of the institution."
2.
Internationalization
for
replicating European models of
higher education in their colonies
in the Americas, Africa, and Asia,
the European nations were looking
for political, cultural, economic,
and
academic
dominance-a
dominance that continues to be an
issue today.
3. Internationalization for influence in
Cold War Era by two superpowers.
4. Internationalize higher education today
in EU with the changed emphasis from
the political to the economic motivation
through
European
programs
for
cooperation and exchange in research,
technology, and education--such as the
research and development programs,
COMETT and ERASMUS. These programs
contain the additional political rationale
of stimulating the development of a
European citizenship.
5. Internationalization of higher education
in the present wave of globalization of
economies has been well summarized by
Prof.Federico Mayor, former UNESCO
Director General as “a process partial and
asymmetric with few globalizers and
many globalized (1997).
6. The overall purpose, objective or focus
of internationalization of higher education
should be to produce graduates who have
“the ability to be an active part in a
globalized society, able to communicate
effectively in terms of linguistic skills,
technological skills and skills to deal with
different institutions and cultures”
( ILO/WTO 2007 Report), and are
internationally competitive
途径1: Political will
and internationalizing
institutional leadership
•Skills of one or two foreign languages;
•Experience of learning, teaching or
administration in HEIs abroad;
•Besides a good academic and, better, a
multidisciplinary background, he or she
should have:
•Deep understanding of national cultural
identity and context and good knowledge
about present wave of globalization of
economies, its requirement of education
and challenges, opportunities and
strategies facing the nation and higher
education; and wide international linkages
and competence of selection of right
partners for collaboration and mobilization
of support from multi-sources, etc,
途径2:
Internationalizing the
teaching profession
•The increasing percentage of teachers who have
some learning or learning/teaching experience
abroad;
•The increasing number of teachers who have
bilingual skills, especially that of a major global
academic language today and be able to give
lectures with them or one of them;
•An open recruitment policy, in order to maintain
certain number of positions to be filled by selected
foreign candidates;
•Capacity of formulation of
collaborative projects and mobilization
of support from various sources, etc.,
•Increasing number of teachers who
have wide international linkages in his
or her own academic field and
competence of adoption and
adaptation of international and
intercultural dimensions into
curriculum, textbooks and teaching;
and
途径3:
Internationalizing Curriculum
- Formulation of some new modules;
Updating and renovating contents of
existing courses with important new
development from related academic
areas:
- Creating new courseware to reflect
changes and progress in concerned
subject area;
- Selecting some original textbooks and
courseware in foreign languages for use in
classroom teaching or as reference for
both teachers and students;
- Strengthening foreign language skill
training among teachers and students,
comparative study of curriculum and
competence of utilizing resources on line,
etc.,
途径4 :
focus on substance and seeking right
partners in international cooperation
Experiences show that successful
practices in cooperation in
internationalization of higher education
would have at least the following
features:
- Clear focus on concrete substance, for
example, curriculum development, faculty
or students exchange programme,
collaborative research, etc., based on
consensus reached by and mutual benefit
for all parties involved;
- Stable funding, such as the EU project
called“The Asia-Link Programme”
- Sincerity and continuity, such as Johns
Hopkins University-Nanjing University
Center for Chinese and American studies
for 2 decades.
二 上海电大的实践和启示
丰硕的十年
- 取得了十个第一
- 建立了广泛的地区的和国际的联
系
- 提高了学校在亚太地区和国际上
的知名度
-提高了学校在上海和国内的声誉
- 锻炼和培养了一支组织国际活动
的队伍
- 带动了学校基础设施和环境的改
变和改善
- 促进了不同地区远程教育领域的
相互了解和合作
十年摩一剑
- 领导的眼界和决心
- 明确的目的和目标
- 交流的积累和持续
- 抓住机遇与创造机遇
- 细节决定成败
- 必要的投入-大帐与小帐
三 电大对外交流的战略选择
- 观念的转变
- 人员的准备
- 切入点和合作伙伴的选择
- 国际活动和与国际接轨
- 知难而退与知难而进
谢谢!