A Workshop on Publishing
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Transcript A Workshop on Publishing
Barbara J. Risman
Professor and Head
Dept. of Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago
President of the Board of Directors, Council on Contemporary
Families
Vice-President Elect, American Sociological Association
President-Elect, Southern Sociological Society
Co-Editor: Gender Lens Series, Rowman & Littlefied
Past Editor, Contemporary Sociology
Nov 2014
University of Trento
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday
Introductions
Defining
Method
Versus Design, Epistemology, Methodology
Types
of Qualitative Research
Constructing Interview Schedules
Interview Techniques
Theory
Practice Exercise
Something
about me
Something
about you
Why do you want to do research?
Your current Project
Epistemology
Method
Data Collection
Methodology
Theory of Knowledge
Application of Epistemology to Method
Research Design requires:
Theory/Question
Sampling Strategy
Method
Methodology
Epistemology
Methodology
Data Collection
Data Management
Data Analysis
Writing Results
Beyond our Scope
Epistemology
Research Design
Theory/Question
Sampling
Interviews
Ethnography
Open ended
Structured
Participant Observation
Observation
Archival Research- another course!
Historical documents
Literary Documents
Websites
Others?
Constructing
an Interview Guide
Two hours maximum
Topical <----------------> Structured
From General to Specific/difficult/personal
Pilot
Interviews- 4 or 5
Questions make sense
Interesting data?
Key
Point: Not a Survey
Interview guide is a GUIDE
Focus on Respondent’s Story
Let it wander if necessary
Team
Projects Vs. Individual Research
Establish
good partnership
Record
Verbatim vivid speech
Nuances and complexities of speech
Relax and focus on interviewee
Drawbacks: transcription time
Pay Attention to body cues
Withhold judgment
Avoid
Leading Questions
Probe, Probe, Probe, Probe – Details, concrete
Fieldnotes necessary TOO
Transcriptions
Verbatim or Selective
Interviewer or Paid Help
Fieldnotes
Body language notes inserted into text
Reflexivity statement for each interview
interview emotions and thoughts
Role
Playing Volunteers
Interviewer/Interviewee
Dyadic
Role
Practice
Playing Volunteers
Tell me a little bit about your family: how many family members
you have, and their relationship to you. You may include anyone
whom you consider to be a family member, whether related by
blood or marriage or not related.
Did your family change over time, that is, who you lived with? If
so, how?
Where were your parents born? What country or countries are
they citizens of?
Were you raised in a religion? If so, what one?
(If self and/or parents born outside the US) When did you/your
parents move to the United States? What were the circumstances
that brought you here?
(Ask for each parent/guardian) What is the highest level of
education your (mom/dad/other) completed?
Is your (mom/dad/other) working now? (If so) What does s/he
do?
What other jobs have they had in the past?
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday
Ethics of Research
Fieldnotes
How and Why
Practice Exercise
Covert/Overt
Status
When to disclose project?
Is deception ever ethical?
Considerations
Likelihood of Harm
Prospect of Benefit
Theoretical Important
Legal Requirements
Confidentiality
Guarantee anonymity
Confidentiality unnecessary when public behavior
Ethnography
Insider vs. outsider
Are researchers ever really insiders?
Immersion
Participant
Observation
Grasp what others experience as meaningful
Key informants and/or participants
Time in field over when “saturation” occurs
Adopt a Learner Role- “help me understand”
Analysis goes beyond beliefs of participants
Go beyond giving “voice”
Use
body as video-recorder
Perception and Interpretation Involved
Transform events into words
Involves choosing what to write about
How to frame
Inseparability
of Methods and Findings
What ethnographer finds inherently connected
with how
Jot
notes to help memory (if unobtrusive)
Record as close to occurrence as possible
Jotting
notes
Pro: Can prod memory
Con: Can distract from staying in the moment
Notes
must document own activities
Record as close to Occurrence as possible
Memories fade fast
To
produce vivid fieldnotes
Avoid generalizations- give details
Jot down sensory details
Maintain detached observational attitude
Ethnography
Withhold judgement
Stay detached emotionally
Provide analysis
Participatory
Working with community
Change-oriented
Research is secondary
Action Research
Interviews/observations: targeted
Fieldnotes have different function: activism
Must Choose Epistemology /Stay the Course
4
person teams
Go to sites that I have identified
Spend 15 minutes observing social world
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday
Coding Techniques
Definitions
Cycles
Atlas Ti- getting started
Open it up- Exercises
Open Coding
Organization
Perseverance
Deal
well with ambiguity
Flexibility
Creativity
Rigorously Ethical
Extensive Vocabulary
Differences
from a Quantitative Research?
Definition
Word/short phrase summarizes attribute of data
Heuristic= to discover
Method
matters
Grounded Theory - Open coding
Theoretically Driven - Use code sheet
Cycles
of a code
of coding
Iterative from specific to categorical
Theory to discovery to theory again...
Individual
Versus Collaborative Projects
What do you take into account when choosing a doctor?
Raw Data
Someone I really trust…
Pleasant disposition and friendly
Usually I ask my friends if…
they have anyone doctor that
they like and if they could
recommend
The doctor better have a legit
degree!
Board certification is impt, esp
if I’m looking for a specialist
Focused
Coding
Theoretical
Coding
Internal
Validation
External
Validation subjective
External
Validation objective
Search Process for
health care
provider involves
internal and
external
validation.
Involves subjective
and objective
aspects
First
Cycle Coding
Attribute
Exploratory
Descriptive
Second
Cycle Coding
Conceptual focus
From specific to general categories
Emotive/Values
Hypothesis /Theoretical Coding
Iterative
and start all over again..
Theming the Data
Download free version www.atlasti.com/download
or open it on your classroom computer.
Hermeneutic Units (HU) – Main Atlas work file;
acts like a “basket”
Objects – items you put in the basket, such as:
Primary Documents (P-Docs or PD’s)
Text, image, audio, or video
Quotations
Codes (& Code Families)
Memos
Download the transcript files (exercise 1) to your
desktop. Put them all in one folder.
Creating an HU
Open Atlas, select ProjectNew Hermeneutic Unit
Importing P-Docs
Many ways, but easiest is ProjectAdd
Document(s)Add Documents
Find them on desktop, select all, and hit OPEN
Will get message files “successfully converted”
Hit “OK”
Double check by hitting Pdoc manager button
Applying
Existing Codes
Highlight selection in P-Doc
Select third code button on left toolbar and choose
from existing code list
Managing
Codes
Open Code Manager by double-clicking the word
“codes” next to drop-down code list
Codes are listed with two numbers {#-#} that
represent their groundedness and density
Groundedness – How frequently a code occurs in data
Density – How interconnected a code is with other codes
[no. of codes a chosen code is linked to; think network]
These measures gain importance when revising
codes/doing focused coding
Codes
are denoted by yellow diamond symbol
Creating New Codes
Your own label
Highlight selection in P-Doc
Select the first code button on left toolbar (looks like
yellow diamond in middle of text)
Type in the code label(s) you want to apply to selection
“In Vivo” codes (name comes from quote itself)
Highlight selection in P-Doc
Select second code button on left toolbar
Coded
selections become “quotations”
Codes appear to the immediate right of the
quotation
Writing
Memos
Use memos to jot analytical ideas and/or to document
decision-making process
Select “Memos” “Create Free Memo” from toolbar
atop HU screen
Name the Memo something intuitive and include the
date somewhere
Generating
Output
Output documents can organize quotes in readable
and intuitive format for use in revising or writing-up
We will explain this more as we go along
Download the 5 transcript files (exercise 1) to your
desktop. Put them all in one folder.
Creating an HU
Open Atlas, select ProjectNew Hermeneutic Unit
Importing P-Docs
Many ways, but easiest is ProjectAdd
Document(s)Add Documents
Left hand column, hit desktop, select exercise 1 folder,
select all, and hit OPEN
Will get message files “successfully converted”
Hit “OK”
Double check by hitting Pdoc manager button
1.
2.
Looking at the Cindy Lauper transcript, use
the “Edit””Search” function to search for
the word “gender” (line 348)
Highlight this paragraph, then use the
“create a new code” icon to apply the
following codes: “gender,” “friendship,” &
“school”
[Be sure to hit “add another code” so they stay
distinct codes]
Then click ok
3.
4.
5.
Use the P-Doc drop-down menu to select
the Eugene Martin transcript
Repeat the Editsearch for the word
gender
Find the THIRD occurrence, then highlight
the paragraph and code it as “gender,”
“patriarchy,” & “religion” (HINT: You will
have to add the new codes with one icon but
use the “apply existing codes” icon for
gender)
6.
7.
8.
Use the P-Doc drop-down menu to select
the Ramona Connell transcript
Repeat the Editsearch for the word
gender
Find the first occurrence, then highlight the
paragraph and code it as “gender,”
“career,” & “kids” (HINT: You will have to
add the new codes with one icon but use the
“apply existing codes” icon for gender)
9.
10.
11.
12.
Open the Codes on the top tool bar, then open
code manager window
You should see that the code “gender” has the
values {3-0} beside it, meaning it has a
frequency of 3 and therefore the highest
groundedness of our codes so far
Highlight the gender code and select
“Output”“Quotations for Selected Code(s)”
from the toolbar above; click “Okay”
Reviewing the quotes associated with “gender,”
we see that we might be conflating different
aspects of gender. Let’s recode those items to be
more specific… [you may close the code
manager ]
13.
14.
15.
First, let’s note our thoughts in a memo. Select
“Memos”“Create Free Memo” from the
toolbar at the top of the HU interface.
Name the Memo “Gender Coding (date)” with
today’s date. We may use it later.
In the memo editor, type “after reviewing the
gender quotes, I have decided to recode these to
reflect more specific operations” [close memo
manager window]
16.
17.
18.
19.
Go to code manager again (codes -> code
manager). In the code manager, double click on
the “gender” code. A small window should pop
up with the applicable quotations.
Click on the first quote. The P-Doc viewer should
now show the quote in context (should be from the
Cindy Lauper doc).
In code manager, click the “create new item” icon
in the upper left of toolbar (looks like card with
spark behind it) and name a new code “Gender vs.
Sex”
Click on the “Gender vs. Sex” code in the code list
and drag it to where the “gender” code appears to
the right of the quote in the P-Doc viewer. The
new code should have replaced the old one.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Create 2 more new codes the same way
“Gender Ideology” & “Gender Identities”
Find the next quote already associated with
“gender” (from Eugene Martin) and drag and
drop the “Gender Ideology” code to replace
“gender”
Find the final quote associated with “gender” (by
double clicking on the “gender” code) and drag
and drop the “Gender Identities” code to replace
“Gender”
We have now recoded the gender quotes to be
more specific, and we’ve retained the gender code
in case new gender-related quotations arise
WELL DONE!
Open
Read
the file for “Salem Bee”
the transcript and create codes that
“emerge” from the data
Tuesday
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday
Review of Data Collection
Theoretically Driven Coding
From Coding to Analysis
Analytic memos
Theoretical
Coding
Attribute Coding
Sex
Race
Immigrant Status
Creating Families
Intersectionality (if time permits)
Download
all 10 transcripts under “exercise
3” onto desktop. Keep them in 1 folder
Repeat the same steps in exercise 1
Creating an HU
Open Atlas, select ProjectNew Hermeneutic Unit
Importing P-Docs
ProjectAdd Document(s)Add Documents
Find them on desktop, select all, and hit OPEN
Will get message files “successfully converted”
Hit “OK”
Double check by hitting Pdoc manager button
Structured
Coding Exercise
Gendered
Beliefs
liberal
Conservative
Unclear/Neutral
Code all 10 interviews
Create these 3 “new” codes
Use them over and over again
These are the attributes for demographic data on
the sample you have downloaded
You will use these attributes to create “Families”
for Analysis
Respondent Names
Race
Sex
Immigrant Status
Benny Goodman
asian
man
2nd gen
Jonathan Poem
asian
man
2nd gen
Bill Cornell
asian
man
2nd gen
Nancy Anderson
asian
woman
1st gen
Amy Lahey
asian
woman
2nd gen
Mark Rose
white
man
Native-born
Peter Steele
white
man
Native-born
Martha Brodowski
white
woman
1st gen
Brook Mullen
Ramona Connell
white
white
woman
woman
Native-born
2nd gen
Family
Think of it as grouping your p-docs into
meaningful categories
Just
Codes
follow me here
Click “p-docs” button
Go to Documents
Go to “Families”
Click “Open Families
Manager”
Just
follow me here
Click icon (spark card) to create new family
Name new family “women”
In the field “primary documents not in family”,
choose pdocs that are women and click the left
arrow
Step
1
Click “p-docs” button
Go to Documents
Go to “Families”
Click “Open Families
Manager”
Step
2
Click icon (spark card) to create new family
Name new family “white”
In the field “primary documents not in family”,
choose pdocs that are white and click the left
arrow
Step
3
Double check by clicking once on “white” family
in pdoc manager
The right column will show you all the pdocs
associated with being white
Now
you try
Create an “asian” family
Create a “male” family
Create a “female” family
If you have time, create the
families for immigrant status
Now
we will use families to help with our
analysis
women vs. men
Step 1:
On your main HU, click “Analysis”, followed
by “query tools”
Step
2
Click scope
Step
3
Under primary doc families, click “male”
In “candidate quotations in query”, you are able
to preview of the quotations and primary
documents and codes
Then ok
Step
4
Choose the codes that you are interested in
In this example, I choose “beliefs_liberal”
Click “beliefs_liberal”
Click the printer icon and click “full content”
And choose “editor” and click ok
Now
you will see an output with all the
quotations by men about their liberal gender
beliefs
Now
you’ll try to generate an output with all
the quotations by women about their liberal
gender beliefs
Discussion:
compare and contrast how men
and women differ about their liberal gender
beliefs
Super
Families Code
E.g. Race + Gender
Think of it as families code that are intersecting
Are there racial differences between and among the
sexes?
Step
1
P-Doc Manager
Click Documents
Click “Families” then click
“Open Family Manager”
Click Families then click
“Open Super Family Tool”
Step
2
Choose Asian and Men to create your superfamily
Double Click on each category and they will appear
in “Query Field”
Note: The manual cautions against using more than
2 families to create super families
Step 3
There are 4 symbols (they are called operators) on the left
(hovering your mouse cursor over them will reveal what they
are); click the 3rd operator
In your query, you will see that you have you have asked Atlas
Ti to combine both Asian and Men families
Click “Create Super Family” and name “Asian Men”
You
will see a new super family called Asian
Men created and it will be in red
In the field below “create super family
button”, you can double check if there are 3
asian men pdocs
Close all the windows
You will use super families as “filters” next
On
your main HU, click “Analysis”, followed
by “query tools”
Click
scope on the bottom of the “query tool
page”
By
selecting Asian Men, you are asking Atlas
Ti to limit the subsequent analysis to only this
superfamily
You can even double-check your work here
Click ok brings you back to query tool page
Now,
I want to see all the quotations by Asian
Men about their liberal gender beliefs
Under codes, I clicked “beliefs_liberal” and
then click the printer icon
Choose “full “content” and select “editor”
Compare
across identity groups
White men versus asian men
Black women versus white women
Or Dutch women versus American women
Or Indonesian college educated versus Dutch
college educated
Etc...allow complicated intersectional analyses
On to more discussion of analysis
Researcher’s
Conversation with yourself (and advisor?)
Any time idea strikes, write a memo
From
journal entry
Coding to Analysis
Document/reflect on codes
Emergent themes
Testing or formulating theory
Reflexivity important
Draw diagrams if useful
Reiterative - invent new codes
Talk
shop regularly with other “experts”
Join
a Writing Group
As you do the analysis....
From
concrete to conceptual
The Touch Test
Codes to Themes
Excavate the Top Three Themes
Excavate top Three (or four) themes
Write about ONE at a time
Create an outline of major points/evidence
If hard to start- begin with the conclusion
Talk
shop regularly - with other “experts”
Join a writing group
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday
Getting Started
Ritual and Magic
(What are you afraid of?)
To Accountability and Routine
The Spew Draft
For your eyes only
From Spew to Manuscript
Content to Structure
Infrastructure – Plan and Execute
Writing Matters
Sharing
our Rituals
Magic or Function?
Procrastination?
Fear?
Satisfaction?
CREATE
ROUTINE
Accountability
To Self
To Others- Writing Groups
What’s
Your Question
Why Worth Studying
Major
Contribution
The analysis/findings
Answer
the “What” and “Why”
questions (write for 5 min)
Spew
Ideas
Draft
for your current research
(5 min)
I.
Introduction/Frame
Roadmap
II.
Signficance
Literature Review/Theory
Transition to YOUR work
III.
Methodology/Epistemology
Standpoint Reflexivity
Findings-
Evidence
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusions
The architecture of your paper
The roadmap
Literature
Schema
Review: Impose an Organizational
Intellectual Debate
Development Over Time
Inconsistency in Findings
Include literature from country where journal is
published
International comparative review often useful
Theoretical/Conceptual
Frame of the Article
Transition Smoothly from Literature Review
Provide Justification for Analysis to Follow
Sample/Data
Measurement
Standpoint
Analytic
and epistemology
Issues
Technique
Reflexivity
Hypotheses
( unusual for qualitative)
Present
Evidence
Technical Presentation
Qualitative Data
show don’t tell
Provide evidence- quotes but also counts
Don’t be afraid to give percentages
Acknowledge, analyze outliers
Interpret
that Evidence
What Does it Mean
Relate Back to Literature Review
Focus on One Major “story” line
Key
Findings Summary
Theoretical/Conceptual
Admit
Contribution
Weaknesses in your project
Do not stress them
Never end with them
Summary
Implications
Why important?
Policy?
Future
Work Necessary
Substance
Know your argument
Infra-structure
Roadmap: Reader must be able to follow you
Evidence
NOW Elegance or WRITING matters...
Paragraph structure
Word choice
Grammar
WHAT/HOW/WHY
STRATEGY
PARAGRAPH
Every sentence has a function
What’s
the Main Point?
How
Do you support it?
Why
is it Important?
Be passionate about your topic
Prefer simple words
Restrict usage of complicated terminology and jargon.
Use words to express ideas, not to impress
Sentences:
Every word should be justifiable
Avoid long and complicated sentences!
Always provide concrete examples.
Abstract concepts difficult to understand without examples.
Avoid the Passive Voice
Papers can not “do” anything. People can.
Active/Passive
Voice
The entrance exam was failed by over one-third of the
applicants
Over one-third of the applicants failed the entrance exam
OR:
The brakes were slammed on by her as the car sped downhill.
She slammed on the brakes as the car sped downhill.
Sexist or Biased Language
Mankind
Humanity, people, human beings
The common man
Ordinary people
Recast in the plural
Use one, your or (sparingly) he or she
Concise: words and phrases to avoid