*

* * Person, place, thing, or idea * Nouns can be common or proper * Common: ninjas, beets, gnomes, glitter * Proper: Gandalf, Speak, Gotham City, Pirates of

the Caribbean

* * Concrete: things you can see or touch * Unicorns, jellybeans, puppies * Abstract: things you can’t see or touch * Hope, fear, faith, love

* *

Position in a sentence

* Perform an action (subject) * Have an action done to them (object) * Follow words like “a”, “an”,“the” and possessive pronouns like “his”, “her”, “their”, “your” * Ex: The man threw a frisbee to the dog. * Ex: I found your cat in the dryer.

*

Plurals

* Only nouns can be singular or plural * My llama loves Oreos. * Llamas love Oreos.

* * Subject: noun that is doing the action * Ex: Our family loved spending afternoons in the park. * Direct Object: noun receiving the action * Ex: We would often eat our lunch there. * Indirect Object: noun receiving the direct object * We can give Martha the tickets to the game.

* * Personal: refers to specific people, places, or things * I, you, we, she, they * Indefinite: do not stand in for specific nouns * Everybody, some, everyone * Relative: relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns * Who, whoever, which, that * Ex: The book that won is a novel. * Demonstrative: identify or point to nouns * This, that * Ex: This is a problem.

* * Words that express an action OR a state of being.

* Every sentence has at least one verb.

The water is calm. Fly

* * Some express an action you can observe (concrete) * Ex: Slide, giggle, carry * Ex: George Lucas wrote and directed Star Wars. His ideas for plot came from Hollywood Westerns and the myths of many cultures. * Others express an action you usually can’t see (abstract) * Worry, dislike, appreciate * My mom always worries if I come home late.

* * Do not express action * Also known as linking verbs * The verb “be” is one of the most important * “Be” has many forms: * Am, are, is, was, were etc. * Ex: The mantis shrimp is an undersea nightmare and one of the most creatively violent animals on earth.

* Ex: Their limbs are so resilient, researchers have been using their cell structure for use in the development of advanced body armor.

* * Modify/describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs * Often signaled by an “-ly” at the end of the word. * Ex: Quickly, quietly, creepily, happily * Answer the questions: * How?

* When?

* Where?

* To what extent?

*

Common adverbs that don’t end in “–ly”

* Almost, always, also, not, still, too, well

* * Positive: modifies the verb without making a comparison * Ex: Performing fleas train vigorously. * Comparative: * Ex: Jumping frogs train more vigorously than performing fleas. * Superlative: * Ex: Mrs. Braun’s frog is the most vigorously trained amphibian in the world.

* * Describe/modify nouns and pronouns. * They give the following information: * What kind? – gray clouds, crisp apple, quiet pond * How many? – three weeks, several mistakes * How much? – less noise, more dessert * Which one? – first answer, this jacket, next year * Proper adjectives, which come from proper nouns, always begin with a capital letter. * Ex: Shakespearean sonnet; Mexican fiesta, Democratic candidate

* Many adj. come right before the noun they modify.

* The exception: Predicate adjectives, which follow a linking verb to modify the subject of a sentence. * Ex: The ocean looks blue and clear.

* Ex: The tulips are purple.

* * A, an, and the are considered adjectives * A, an = indefinite articles * The = definite article

* * Show position or direction * Give more information * Explain relationships Above Beside Through Below

* Of * In * To * For * With * On * At * From * By * Through * Over Between Out During Before Under After Around About Into

* * Prepositions always exist in a phrase * Begins with a preposition and ends with an object (noun) * Ex: I saw a bird in the tree. * Tip: Always eliminate all prepositional phrases before identifying subjects

* * 1. Visualize the word * Ex: In the box, on the box, over the box, under the box, behind the box, beside the box, near the box * 2. Think of an event in time * Ex: Before breakfast, during breakfast, after breakfast, between breakfast and lunch * 3. Think of movement * Ex: To school, from school, run around the school

* * Connect ideas or join words, phrases, or clauses * Coordinating: Only conjunctions that can be used to join two complete sentences * For * And * Nor * But * Or * Yet * So

* Subordinate: Join independent and dependent clauses * AAAWWUBBIS – most common * as, after, although, while, when, until, before, because, if, since * Some prepositions also function as subordinating conjunctions: after, as, before, since, until * A subordinating conjunction will be followed by

both a subject and a verb

* Ex: Before I eat these frog legs

* * Subject: The noun that is doing the action in the sentence * Ex: Coconino High School has the best students. * Predicate: The verb of the sentence * Ex: Coconino High School has the best students.

* Complete subject: the subject and all of its modifiers (adjectives, prepositional phrases etc). * Ex: The eagle on the Great Seal holds a motto in its beak. * Complete predicate: the verb and all its modifiers * Ex: The eagle on the Great Seal holds a motto in its beak.

* * First person: I, we * Takes a singular verb * Ex: I love cookies. * Second person: you * Takes a singular verb * Ex: You love cookies.

* Third person: he, she, it, they * Singular (he, she, it) takes a plural verb * Ex: He loves cookies. * Plural (they) takes a singular verb * Ex: They love cookies.

* * Singular subject takes a plural verb * Ex: The baby cries all night. * Plural subject takes a singular verb * Ex: The babies cry all night.