Transcript Building Types and Components
LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 1 Building Types and Components Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 1
AIM
To provide students with a basic understanding of building design and the principal components.
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
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At the end of the session students will be able to: State the commonly used construction materials and types.
Identify types of doors and windows commonly used.
List the principal components of a staircase.
List the types of roof commonly found. Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 3
COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
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Brick Block Stone Concrete Timber Metal Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 4
BUILDING BOARDS
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Fibre Plaster Asbestos Plywood Block Plastic Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 5
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
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Solid or ‘traditional’ construction
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Structural steel frame construction
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Reinforced concrete construction
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Modular system construction
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Portal frame construction
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Composite construction.
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SOLID CONSTRUCTION
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Solid load bearing walls Set back at upper floors Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stone Cast iron columns Cast iron or timber beams Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.
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BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
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STRUCTURAL STEEL
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High number of design options Skeletal framework often complex Loads carried by beams Structure is covered by cladding Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic
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Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices.
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STRUCTURAL STEEL
Roof spans between main beams Main beams Tie Beam Secondary beam Stanchions Floor spans between main beams
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
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Alternative to steel frame
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Columns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sections
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Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structure
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Two common methods of construction.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete frame
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Factory produced frame components
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Transported for assembly on site
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Similar techniques to steel frame.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)
Composite construction
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Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelwork
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‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns.
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COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Spine beam Gable columns
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Steel Spine beam.
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MODULAR STRUCTURES
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Pre fabricated components
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High design flexibility
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Specially designed connectors
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Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection.
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MODULAR BUILDING
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TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR
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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK FLOORING
R.C. edge beam Concrete ribs Hollow clay floor blocks Concrete topping Ceiling finish Voids Reinforcement Rib reinforcement Filler tiles
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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
Floor finish Cement/sand screed Void Internal support Typical hollow floor unit details Cement/sand screed Floor finish Grouted joints Typical channel section floor unit details
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PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB
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DOORS, WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTS
TYPES OF DOOR
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Hinged Swing Revolving Sliding Folding Cantilever Roller shutter Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 21
HINGED DOORS
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Most commonly found type
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All close against a rebate on the door jamb
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Four commonly found types Flush Panelled Ledged Metal Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 22
SWING DOORS
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Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction
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Door jamb not fitted with a rebate
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Often partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing bars
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Found in restaurants, department stores and hotels.
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REVOLVING DOORS
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Present an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt with
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Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’
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Designed to be collapsed down
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Essential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door.
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SLIDING DOORS
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Solid or lattice construction
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Widely used in commercial buildings
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Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recess
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Lattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
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FOLDING DOORS
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Usually lightweight construction
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Similar in design to hinged doors
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Two or more leaves hinged together
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Whole door opens to one side only
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Often used to separate two rooms.
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CANTILEVER DOORS
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Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwards
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Lies horizontal when open
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Generally fits flush to the opening when closed
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Usually found on garages.
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ROLLER SHUTTERS
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Nearly always made of steel
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Small examples can be raised by hand
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Large examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain and block
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Usually found on commercial premises.
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FIRE DOORS
A standard fire door will:
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Serve to contain the outbreak of fire Restrict the spread of fire gases into otherwise unaffected parts of the building
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A closed door restricts oxygen movement, thus helping to starve the fire Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 29
WINDOWS
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Allow natural light into a building
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Serve to provide ventilation to rooms
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Generally two types, referred to according to the method of opening Casement Sash Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 30
CASEMENT WINDOWS
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The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casement hung on it
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When more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.
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VENTLIGHT TRANSOM.
CASEMENT DEADLIGHT
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FRAME
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SASH WINDOWS
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Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottom
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The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and the surround
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Partially inside and outside of opening when open.
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SASH WINDOWS
Sliding sash windows
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Slide vertically
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Double hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frame
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Another type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontally Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 34
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STAIRS AND ROOFS
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STAIRS
Common materials
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Wood Stone Pre cast concrete Steel Composite Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 37
CAPPING NOSING
STAIRS
RISER TREAD BEARER
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STRING
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STAIRS
HEADROOM BANNISTER NEWEL POST RISE GOING PITCH LINE RUN
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SPANDREL
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ROOF DESIGN
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Flat roofs
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Pitched roofs
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Mansard
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Trussed
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Portal or ridge-framed Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 40
PITCHED ROOFS
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PITCHED ROOFS
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CONFIRMATION
Assessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study note Learning Outcomes
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State the most commonly used construction materials and types
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Identify types of doors and windows commonly used
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List the principal components of a staircase List the types of roof commonly found. Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 43
THE END
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