Transcript 25.1 The Beginnings of Industrialization

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1. What are some problems countries faced
with Industrialization?
2. How would this lead to further
colonization and imperialism?
The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads
to other countries.
 New Ways of Working
 Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of
machine-made goods.
 Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.
 The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
 Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or
hedges
 Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by
village farmers.
 Enclosures allowed experimentation with new
agricultural methods
 Rotating Crops
 Crop rotation—
switching crops each
year to avoid depleting
soil
 Livestock breeders allow
only the best to breed,
improve food supply.
Satellite image of rotated crops in
Kansas in June 2001
 Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England
 Industrialization—move to machine production of
goods
 Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors
 Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment
 Britain has all needed factors of production—land,
labor, capital
 Changes in the
Textile Industry
 Weavers work
faster with flying
shuttles and
spinning
jennies
 Water frame
uses water power
to drive spinning
wheels
Spinning Jenny
carding
machinereplaces the
hand process
of combing out
the fibers
before they
can be spun
into yarn or
thread.
 “Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks
and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the
individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel
with each other. This enabled them to be more easily
spun into thread. The old method was done by hand
using these tools.
 Power loom, and spinning mule (next
slide) speed up production, improve quality.
 Factories—
buildings that
contain
machinery for
manufacturing
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving
from Harper's Magazine, 1869. This
carving depicts a roller gin, which
 Cotton gin
preceded Whitney's invention.
boosts
American
cotton
production
to meet
British
demand
 Watt’s Steam Engine
 Need for cheap, convenient
power spurs development of
steam engine
 James Watt improves steam
engine, financed by Matthew
Boulton
 Boulton—an
entrepreneur—organizes,
manages, takes business
risks.
Matthew Boulton
James Watt
Steam engine
designed by
Boulton & Watt.
Engraving of a
1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine
 Water Transportation
 Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont, in
1807
 England’s water transport
improved by system of
canals
Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont
The A4 is a
historic major
road in England,
portions of
which are
known as the
Great West
Road and Bath
Road.
 Road Transportation
 British roads are
improved; companies
operate them as toll
roads. These were
called “turnpike
trusts”.
 By the early Victorian period
toll gates were perceived as an
impediment to free trade. The
multitude of small trusts were
frequently charged with being
inefficient in use of resources
and potentially suffered from
petty corruption.
 The railway era spelt disaster
for most turnpike trusts.
The Round House (Old Toll
House) at Stanton Drew
 Steam-Driven
Locomotives
 In 1804, Richard
Trevithick builds first
steam-driven
locomotive
Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and
illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement,
Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.
The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is
known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.
Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway
locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea
 Sir Topham Hatt
(nicknamed “The Fat
Controller”) was a famous
railway administrator on
the Island of Sodor located
between England and the
Isle of Mann. Called by
Thomas (the Tank Engine)
the father of the Sodor
Railway!
 In 1825, George
Stephenson builds
worlds first railroad
line.
 He is called the “Father
of Railways”.
 His rail gauge of 4 feet
8½ inches (1,435 mm),
sometimes called
"Stephenson gauge", is
the world's standard
gauge.
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
 Entrepreneurs build railroad
from Liverpool to Manchester
 Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best
locomotive (1829)
A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket
Rocket
replica
 Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
 Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs
 Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people
move to cities