Transcript Ghana Living Standards Survey Water Quality Test Results

GHANA LIVING STANDARDS SURVEY 6
HOUSING AND WATER QUALITY TEST
RESULTS
DISSEMINATION OF KEY FINDINGS
DATE: AUGUST 26, 2014
OUTLINE
PART I: HOUSING
 Type of dwelling unit
 Occupancy Status
 Main construction materials for walls, floor and roof
 Type of lighting
 Source of water supply
 Waste disposal
 Toilet facilities
PART II: WATER QUALITY TEST
 Background
 Methods
 Water Quality Test Results
HOUSING
TYPE OF DWELLING

Most
households
(60.6%) live in
compound
houses; 68
percent in
urban and 51
percent in
rural

One out of
every 15
households in
Accra (GAMA)
live in
improvised
homes
ABOUT 46% OF GHANAIAN HOUSEHOLDS LIVE IN
THEIR OWN HOUSES


Occupancy Status
Three out every five
rural households
compared to about
one-third urban
households own
their houses
Two out every five
urban households
live in rented
premises compared
to one-in-every 10
rural households
About a quarter of
all households live
in rent-free houses;
not much difference
among localities
70.0
62.1
60.0
50.0
45.9
41.0
Households

40.0
35.2
39.9
Owning
32.8
30.0
26.8
20.0
10.7
10.0

23.1
26.8
27.1
27.0
-
Accra (GAMA)
Urban
Rural
Locality
Ghana
Renting
Rent-free
HOUSEHOLD SIZE BY
NUMBER OF ROOMS



A fifth of the
households are
single persons
households and
one-third occupy
single rooms
Those occupying a
single room 9.4
percent has a size
of 5
Less than two
percent of 10 or
more member
households occupy
one or two rooms
Household size by number of rooms (percent)
Number of rooms
Household size
1
2
3
4
5+
Total
1
33.7
9.9
4.9
1.7
3.1
20.3
2
15.9
12.9
7.3
6.8
5.4
12.9
3
16.8
15.3
11.1
11.1
7.8
14.8
4
14.0
17.7
15.2
13.6
9.3
14.8
5
9.4
16.5
17.1
16.1
11.8
12.7
6
5.9
12.4
15.6
13.9
13.1
9.7
7
2.5
8.0
11.7
13.5
10.3
6.2
8
1.2
4.2
6.9
7.4
8.7
3.5
9
0.3
1.8
4.1
5.9
6.3
1.9
10+
0.4
1.3
6.1
10.0
24.1
3.4
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0
Outside wall material
 About two-thirds of the
outer walls of houses are
built cement blocks or
concrete;
 mud, mud bricks and earth
also constitute 31.1
percent
Households by locality and main material of walls, floor and roof
(percent)
Material
Accra (GAMA)
Urban
Rural
Ghana
Outside wall material
Mud/Mud
bricks/Earth
0.6
10.4
56.9
31.1
Main floor material
 Four out of every five
households use cement as
their flooring material
Cement
blocks/concrete
91.5
85.3
39.7
65.0
Main roof material
 Three-quarters of
households occupy
dwelling units roofed with
metal sheets
 7.1 percent of dwellings
are roofed with slates or
asbestos.
Earth/Mud
0.4
2.3
14.3
7.7
Cement/Concrete
79.7
85.2
79.2
82.6
4.8
5.2
5.0
Main floor material
Main roof material
Wood
7.0
Metal sheet
69.5
79.2
73.9
76.8
Slate/Asbestos
19.8
10.6
2.7
7.1
Main source of water supply
for drinking
•
•
32.3 percent of
households in the country
have their main source of
drinking water from a well
28.9 percent from pipeborne.
Households by main source of water supply for
drinking and general use by locality (percent
Main source of water supply for
drinking (percent)
Accra
(GAMA)
26.3
Urban
38.6
Rural
16.6
Ghana
28.9
Well
0.5
13.9
55.3
32.3
Natural sources
Others (sachet, tanker, vendor,
spring)
Main source of water supply for
general use (percent)
0.1
1.3
18.6
9.0
73.2
46.1
9.6
29.8
70.9
62.3
17.1
Pipe-borne
Three out of every 10
households rely on sachet,
tanker, etc. for drinking
water.
•
73.9 percent of
households in rural areas
use either a well (55.3%) or
natural sources (18.6%)
Main source of water supply
for general use
•
42.1 percent of
households in the country
use pipe-borne water for
general use
•
14.5 percent rely on public
tap or standpipe
•
Pipe-borne
42.1
Well
6.7
25.9
58.5
40.4
Natural sources
2.0
4.0
22.1
12.1
Others (sachet, Tanker, Vendor, Spring)
20.3
7.9
2.2
5.3
Source of lighting

Seven out of every 10
households are connected
to the national electricity
grid

A quarter of households rely
on torch or flashlight for
lighting
Source of Cooking fuel

About three-quarters of
households depend on
wood or charcoal for
cooking

Less than a quarter of
households use LPG
Method of waste disposal

Less than a fifth of
households have their solid
waste collected. Half
depend on public dumping
sites.

About three-quarters of
households throw their
liquid waste in the open
Households by locality and use of basic utilities (percent)
Accra
(GAMA)
Urban
Rural
Ghana
Source of lighting
Electricity (mains)
Kerosene lamp
93.1
1.5
88.6
2.5
48.3
5.0
70.6
3.6
7.6
45.0
24.3
5.4
14.3
43.6
35.8
0.5
2.2
74.8
16.5
5.5
0.1
3.9
41.3
31.5
22.3
0.3
29.8
3.8
18.2
16.2
15.9
13.4
52.3
20.7
52.5
16.6
52.4
0.8
4.5
23.0
12.8
42.3
58.3
92.7
73.7
52.2
36.2
5.4
22.4
2.4
2.3
0.9
1.6
4.0
Source of Cooking fuel
Torches(flashlights)
None, No Cooking
Wood
Charcoal
Gas
Electricity
6.4
0.8
38.9
52.7
0.6
Method of rubbish disposal
67.0
Collected
Burned by
household
Public dump
Dumped
indiscriminately
Method of liquid waste disposal
Discharged in open
area
Discharged into
drains
Septic tank
•
Public toilet
(WC/KVIP/Pit/Pan
etc.) is the widely
used toilet facility by
households
accounting for a little
over a third (35.7%)
Households by type of toilet facility used and locality
Locality
Urban areas
Utility
•
•
•
One out of every
seven households
use water closet;
23.3 percent of all
urban areas and 2.3
percent in rural areas
Nearly a fifth (18.8%)
of households have
no facilities and
therefore use the
bush, field or beach
One in 500
households use
bucket or pan latrines
Accra
(GAMA)
Other
Urban
3
Rural areas
All
Rural
Coastal
Rural
Forest
Rural
Savannah
All
9.5
7.4
30.3
12.8
72.6
32.9
18.8
34.3
18.2
23.3
5
2.5
0.8
2.3
13.9
10
17.3
15
22.2
32.7
8.7
24.2
19.1
20.7
12.7
15.3
7.6
10.7
3.6
8.2
12.1
0.5
0.2
0.3
-
0.2
-
0.1
0.2
31.4
42.1
38.7
34.2
40.8
14.4
32.1
35.7
0.1
-
0.1
0.6
0.3
-
0.2
0.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Ghana
Type of toilet used
household
No facilities
(bush/beach/field)
W.C.
Pit latrine
KVIP
Bucket/Pan
Public toilet
(WC,KVIP,Pit,Pan,
etc)
Other
All
WATER QUALITY TEST RESULTS
BACKGROUND

The global indicator for tracking progress towards the MDG drinking
water target is the use of an ‘improved source’ of drinking water,

However, improved sources may be contaminated and provide unsafe
water.

Microbiological contamination of drinking water can lead to
diarrhoeal diseases including shigellosis and cholera. Other
pathogens in drinking water can cause hepatitis, typhoid, and polio
myelitis.

Drinking water can also be contaminated with chemicals with
harmful effects on human health

The GLSS 6 is the first nationally representative survey in Ghana to
include measurement of microbiological and chemical quality of
drinking water at the household level
METHODS






Three households were randomly selected among the
15 households per cluster for drinking water test
Respondents were asked to provide “a glass of water
which you would give a child to drink”
This was tested on-site for arsenic and E. coli.
The water source for one of the three households was
also visited and tested for arsenic and E. coli, without
sterilization.
In the case of piped water, the source sample was
taken from the tap or other point of collection
Samples for laboratory analysis for arsenic and E. Coli
was also collected
WATER QUALITY TEST (ARSENIC)

Arsenic is a known human carcinogen, which has been
found in groundwater in parts of Ghana since the
1990s.

The WHO provisional guideline value for arsenic since
1993 is 10 parts per billion (ppb), and the same value
has been adopted as a standard by Ghana

Arsenic was measured using the Arsenic Econo-Quick
Test Kit (Industrial Test Systems, USA), which yields a
semi-quantitative measure of arsenic in drinking water.

Test chemicals are added to a 50 ml water sample, and
after 12 minutes results are recorded as 0, 10, 25, 50,
100, 200, 300, 500 or 1000 ppb arsenic.
TEST RESULTS (ARSENIC)

Overall, 8.6 percent of the population collected drinking
water from a source with arsenic above the Ghana
standard of 10 ppb

At the household level, 6.6 percent of household
drinking-water exceeded this standard

People living in rural areas are twice more likely to use
drinking water with arsenic levels above 10 ppb than
those in urban areas

Less than one percent of source or households samples
were above 50 ppb
ARSENIC LEVELS RANGES FROM TWO PERCENT OR LESS, IN ASHANTI AND THE UPPER
WEST REGION TO ABOUT 20 PERCENT IN CENTRAL AND VOLTA REGIONS
TEST RESULTS (E.COLI)

The bacteria species Escherichia coli is the most
commonly recommended faecal indicator

E. coli was measured by filtering 100 ml of
sampled water through a 0.45 micron filter
(Millipore Microfil) which was then placed onto
Compact Dry EC growth media plates (Nissui,
Japan)
TEST RESULTS (E.COLI)

Value increased to 62.1 percent for household samples,
reflecting contamination occurring at the household
level

Contamination at both the source and the household
level was lowest in Greater Accra, Central and Upper
West regions

Higher levels of contamination were found in Western,
Volta and Eastern regions, where over 25 percent of
household drinking water contained very high levels of
E. coli
TEST RESULTS (E.COLI)

People in urban areas were more likely to have
source water free from E. coli; at the household
level, urban dwellers were 2.3 times more likely to
have water free from E. Coli

Unprotected wells and springs recorded the
highest levels of contamination – only 9.9 and
13.7 percent respectively were free from E. Coli

These two showed very high levels of
contamination (46.9 and 55.0 percent,
respectively) at the source
HIGHER LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION WAS FOUND IN EASTERN, WESTERN, VOLTA AND
NORTHERN REGIONS. ALSO THE FOREST ZONE SHOWED HIGHER LEVELS OF
CONTAMINATION
COMBINED RESULTS

More than half (53.5%) of households in the
country had drinking water that met both
arsenic and E. coli levels

Two out of every five households (41.5%) had
drinking-water in the household which met the
arsenic standard but contained E. coli
NATIONALLY, 53.5 PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS COLLECT WATER FROM A SOURCE
WHICH MEETS THE GHANA STANDARD FOR BOTH ARSENIC AND E. COLI
Arsenic <= 10ppb and E. coli < 1 cfu/100ml
90.0
77.9
80.0
70.0
Percent
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
67.4
64.6
59.9
58.2
53.5
64.4
64.1
52.3
51.9
49.6
48.7
45.0
35.5
41.4
48.4
43.0
PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WHOSE DRINKING WATER
MEETS BOTH ARSENIC AND E. COLI STANDARDS
Arsenic <= 10ppb and E. coli < 1 cfu/100ml
100.0
90.7
90.0
Percent
80.0
71.5
70.0
60.0
51.4
49.7
50.0
44.0
40.0
66.1
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
31.0
41.4
13.0
3.5
5.5
END OF PRESENTATION