Transcript Linking Higher Education with Workforce & Economic Development

Linking Higher Education with
Workforce & Economic Development
presented to
ECS Steering Committee
Minneapolis, MN
April 22, 2009
National Center for Higher Education Management Systems
3035 Center Green Drive, Suite 150
Boulder, Colorado 80301
The Pressures for Workforce Development &
Increased Education Attainment
• Enhanced Quality of Life – the private and public
benefits of postsecondary education
• Global competitiveness
• Retirement of the Baby Boomers
• Increasing knowledge and skill requirements within
occupations
• Response to employment uncertainty/dislocations
Relationship Between Educational Attainment, Personal
Income, and Economic Strength
$30,000
High Income, Low Educational Attainment
High Income, High Educational Attainment
CT
State New Economy Index (2002)
Top Tier
Middle Tier
NJ
Personal Income Per Capita, 2000
Low Tier
MA
MD
$25,000
NH VA
DE
CA
AK
NV
FL
OH
IN
$20,000
TN
SC
OK
WV
NC AZ
MO
IA ME
TX
WY
LA
ID
SD
NM
NY MN
WA
HI RI
US
WI GA
OR
PA
AL
KY
AR
MI
IL
CO
VT
KS
NE
UT
ND
MT
MS
Low Income, Low Educational Attainment
$15,000
15%
20%
25%
Low Income, High Educational Attainment
30%
35%
Percent of Adults Age 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher
slide 3
40%
Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
1980
Personal Income Per Capita
$43,000
$36,000
$29,000
AK
CT
CA
NJ
HI
MD
NY WA
IL
DE
MA
MN
OR VA
PAFL WI
MI US KS
OH
NH
RITX
IA
IN
MOOK AZ
NEMT
LA
VT UT
MEGA ID NM
WVKY TNNC SD
ND
ALSC
AR
MS
NV
$22,000
WY
CO
Correlation = 0.64
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Percent of Adults Age 25-64 with Bachelor’s Degrees
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
slide 4
Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
1990
Personal Income Per Capita
$43,000
CT
NJ
$36,000
AK
DE
IL
NV
FL PA
$29,000
$22,000
OH
KY
WV AR
US
NY
HI
CA
NH
VA
MN
RIWA
MI
WI
WY
NE
OR KS
MO
GA
IN
IA ME
NC
AZ TX
TN
OK
SD
ND
SC
AL ID
MT
LA
UT
NM
MA
MD
CO
VT
MS
Correlation = 0.76
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Percent of Adults Age 25-64 with Bachelor’s Degrees
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
slide 5
Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
2000
CT
NJ
Personal Income Per Capita
$43,000
NY
NH
CA IL MN
WA
VA
DE
$36,000
NV
$29,000
WV
AK
PA
RI
MI US
FL
WY
WI
HI
OH
OR
TXGA NEKS
MO
IN
NC
IA
ME
TN
SDAZ
ND
SC
OK
KY
UT
ID
AL
LA
MT
NM
AR
MS
MD
MA
CO
VT
$22,000
Correlation = 0.80
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Percent of Adults Age 25-64 with Bachelor’s Degrees
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
slide 6
Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
CT
2005
NJ
$43,000
MA
MD
Personal Income Per Capita
NY
WY
$36,000
NV
$29,000
WV
KY
AR
DE CA
AK
PA
USHI
FL
WI
NE
KS
SD
TX MI OR
OH IA
ND
MO
IN
NC
ME GA
TN
AZ
OK
AL
MT
SC
ID NM
UT
MNNH VA
CO
IL
WA
RI
VT
MS LA
$22,000
Correlation = 0.83
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Percent of Adults Age 25-64 with Bachelor’s Degrees
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
slide 7
Median Earnings for Population Age 25-64 by Education
Attainment, 2006
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey PUMS File.
Participation in the Workforce by Level of
Education, 2006 (Percent)
Participating in the Workforce
100
Not Participating in the Workforce
79.1
80
60
86.4
84.3
83.1
74.9
60.8
39.2
40
25.1
20.9
20
16.9
15.7
13.6
0
Less than HS
High School
Some College
Associate
Bachelor's
Graduate/Prof.
Source: Integrated Public Use Microdata Series 5% sample
slide 9
Increasing Levels of Education Attainment Lead to
Improved Societal Outcomes
•
•
•
•
Increased levels of workforce participation
Decreased rates of incarceration
Improved health outcomes
Reduced participation in Medicaid and other social
service programs
• Greater participation in artistic, cultural, and civic
pursuits
• Higher levels of volunteerism and social engagement
slide 10
THE U.S. IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT
Differences in College Attainment (Associate & Higher) Between
Younger & Older Adults—U.S. & OECD Countries, 2006
60
25 to 34
45 to 54
40
20
0
epub
ey
Turk
c
publi
h Re
lic
Czec
ak R
Slov
It aly
co
Mexi
ria
A u st
gal
Portu
ary
Hung
any
Ger m
ce
Gr ee
nd
Pola
nd
Icela
d
erlan
Switz
rg
mbou
Luxe
ds
erlan
Net h
gdom
d Kin
Unite
ark
and
nd
Finla
ralia
A u st
en
Swed
n
Spai
tes
d St a
Unite
Denm
d
ce
Fran
ay
Nor w
ium
Belg
Ir elan
Z eal
a
n
da
slide 12
New
Kore
Japa
Cana
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Education at a Glance 2008
Differences in College Attainment (Associate & Higher)
Between Younger & Older Adults—U.S., 2006
70
Age 25-34
Age 45-54
60
50
40
30
20
nsas
Arka a
d
Neva iana
Louis ma
ho
Okla ma
a
Alab s
Texa irginia
tV
Wes
ucky
Kent ssee
e
T enn
ka
Alas sippi
is
Miss M exico
New ing
m
Wyo
Idaho a
n
Arizo Carolina
h
Sout
gia
Geor n
o
Or egna
India
Ohio nia
or
Calif a
Flor id ri
ou
Miss Carolina
Nor th
e
Main
Utah an
ig
Mich as
Kans
rado n
Colo
o
hingt
Was ii
a
Haw onsin
Wisc
is
Illino Dakota
h
Sout
ana
Mont ska
a
Nebr
nia
Vir gi nt
o
Vermsylvania
nd
Penn
e Isla
Rhod ar e
re
w
Dela Hampshi
New
Iowa ct icut
e
Conn er sey
J
New
land
Mar y ork
Y
New esot a
Minn Dakota
Nor th chusett s
a
Mass
DC
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey (ACS)
slide 13
Percent of Adults with an Associate Degree or Higher by
Age Group - U.S. & Leading OECD Countries
Age 25-34
Age 55-64
37.7
39.6
40.9
39.2
40.8
41.4
41.5
33.2
36.2
34.6
34.8
28.5
16.9
16.0
19.4
22.5
24.9
26.9
30.0
26.8
24.0
19.2
22.9
20
32.8
30.3
30
41.9
42.2
38.1
39.5
43.6
37.5
37.4
40
39.3
43.2
46.2
50
Age 45-54
53.0
54.1
50.8
54.8
60
Age 35-44
10.6
10
0
Canada
Japan
Korea
New
Zealand
Ireland
Belgium
Norway
France
Denmark
U.S.
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2008
slide 14
WHAT WILL IT TAKE TO CLOSE
THE GAP?
Closing the Gap – Number of Degrees Required
Beyond Current Production
slide 16
Educational Attainment (Percent)
Current, in 2025 with current degree production, and
best-performing countries in 2025
60
55.0
45.9
41.9
40
37.4
20
0
Current % of Adults Age Projected % in 2025 with Projected % in 2025 with
25-64 with
Current Annual
Current Annual Degree
College Degrees, 2005
Degree Production
Production and
Net Migration
slide 17
% Needed to Reach
Best-Performing
Countries by 2025
Reaching Top Performance by 2025 (55%) –
United States
94,510,473
Number of Individuals to Match Best-Performing Countries (55%)
31,382,831
Number of Individuals (Age 25-44) Who Already Have Degrees
63,127,642
Additional Degree Production Needed (2005 to 2025)
40,605,747
Degrees Produced at Current Annual Rate of Production
7,045,932
15,626,080
781,304
52.8%
Additional Residents with College Degrees from Net Migration
Additional Degrees Needed
Additional Degrees Needed per Year (Currently Produce
2,135,924 in All Sectors)
Increase in Annual Associate and Bachelor’s Degree Production
Needed (in Public Sector Only)
How Can the U.S. Reach International
Competitiveness?
Current Degree Production Combined with Population Growth and Migration
and Improved Performance on the Student Pipeline Measures
Degrees Produced 2005-25 with
Current Rate of Production
40,605,747
1,255,167
Additional Degrees from Population Growth
Additional Degrees from Net Migration of
College-Educated Residents
7,045,932
Reaching Best Performance in High School
Graduation Rates by 2025
1,265,118
Reaching Best Performance in
College-Going Rates by 2025
Pipeline Performance
Is Cumulative
3,270,900
Reaching Best Performance in Rates of Degree
Production per FTE Student
7,347,209
60,790,073
Total Degrees Produced 2005-25 If All of the Above
63,127,642
Degrees Needed to Meet Best Performance (55%)
0
25,000,000
50,000,000
75,000,000
Source: 2005 ACS, PUMS
slide 19
60
49.2
37.2
40
25.0
30
i nia
t Vir g
Wes sas
n
Arka i ana
Louis si ppi
is
Miss da
Neva
ucky
Kent ssee
e
Tenn ma
a
Alab oma
h
Okl a
na
Indi a
s
Texa Caroli na
h
Sout
Ohi o ur i
o
Miss ing
m
Wyo
o
Idah exico
M
New a
n
Arizo
ka
Alas ia
g
Geor an
ig
Mich Carolina
Nor th
da
Flor i yl vani a
s
Penn ar e
w
Del a
e
Mai n States
d
Uni te nsin
o
Wiscon
Oreg
Iowa rni a
o
Cal if Dakota
h
Sout
tana
Mon s
a
Kans
Utah s
i
Il lino
aska
Nebr Island
e
Rhod ington
h
Was ia
n
Virgi Dakota
Nor th or k
Y
New ii
a
Haw er sey
J
New nt
o
Ver m
esota
Minn
e
rado
Col o ampshir
H
New and
l
Mar y ct icut
e
s
Connachusett
Mass
slide 20
Benchmark for International Competitiveness (55%)
50
Percent of Population Age 25-64 with an Associate
Degree or Higher, 2006
20
10
0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 ACS
The “Gap” - Difference in Annual Degrees Currently
Produced and Annual Degrees Needed to Meet Benchmark
20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
-20,000
Massachusetts
-18,389
Colorado
-11,369
-8,768
New York
Utah
-4,028
Rhode Island
-3,372
Iowa
-3,195
Nebraska -2,122
North Dakota -719
290 Vermont
411 South Dakota
950 Minnesota
959 New Hampshire
1,551
Delaware
1,944
Kansas
2,392
Wyoming
3,639
Monta na
3,726
Hawaii
4,232
Maine
4,262
Connecticut
6,054
Alaska
6,941
Idaho
6,948
West Virginia
7698
New Mexico
8,811
Missouri
9,465
Oklahoma
10,410
Mississippi
10,788
Illinois
11,943
Maryland
12,073
Wisconsin
12,826
Oregon
13,675
Pennsylvania
14,090
Virginia
14,144
Washington
14,434
Indian a
14,455
Alabama
14,477
South Carolina
15,343
Arkansas
16,214
Kentucky
21,467
Michigan
23,424
New Jersey
23,777
Louisiana
24,374
Nevada
24,872
Ohio
25,227
Tennessee
28,582
North Carolina
28,846
Georgia
29,190
Arizona
Florida
California
Texas
30,000
94,162
slide 21
Accounting for Migration
140,533
131,749
40,000
U.S. = 781,301 (a 52.8% increase in the public sector)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, PUMS and Population Projections, IPEDS Completions Survey 2004-05
Even Best Performance with Traditional College-Aged Students at Each
Stage of the Educational Pipeline Will Leave Gaps in More than 30 States
Texas
1,333,645
Florida
893,504
California
560,688
New Jersey
320,720
Tennessee
307,956
287,565
Nevada
Louisiana
204,814
Arkansas
186,640
Kentucky
159,765
North Carolina
132,748
Arizona
122,061
In order to reach international competitiveness by
Mississippi
115,120
2025, the U.S. and 32 states can’t close the gap with
114,375
Ohio
South Carolina
112,681
even best performance with traditional college
Alabama
110,495
students. They must rely on the re-entry pipeline –
West Virginia
74,752
65,853
Alaska
getting older adults back into the education system
Oklahoma
62,332
and on track to attaining college degrees.
Oregon
53,995
Michigan
53,574
New Mexico
47,420
Wisconsin
44,757
Maine
39,436
37,706
Idaho
Montana
34,547
Hawaii
28,659
Georgia 25,326
Wyoming 24,741
Maryland 23,542
Connecticut 10,875
Missouri 8,898
Indiana 2,788
0
300,000
600,000
900,000
1,200,000
1,500,000
slide 22
THE CONTEXT FOR IMPROVEMENT
-393,267
Maine
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Kansas
Hawaii
Wyoming
South Dakota
Connecticut
North Dakota
Louisiana
Massachusetts
Illinois
Nebraska
Alabama
Iowa
West Virginia
Pennsylvania
Ohio
New York
Projected Change in Population from 2005 to 2025,
Ages 25-64
3,236,902
U.S. = +15,821,162
slide 24
Source: U.S. Census Bureau State Population Projections
Projected Change in U.S. Population by Age and
Race/Ethnicity, 2005 to 2025 (In Millions)
White
African American
Hispanic/Latino
Asian/Pacific Islander
17.5
8
6.60
6
5.30
4.90
3.80
4
1.70
2
2.30
2.00
2.60
2.10
1.60
1.40
0.63
1.80
1.60
0.80
0
-2
-1.60
-1.60
Age 0-17
-1.80
Age 18-24
-4
-6
-8
Age 25-44
-2.90
Age 45-64
Age 65+
The majority of expected growth in the
younger population is among segments
of the population with the lowest levels
of education, while whites are
projected to decline.
Note: Projections based on 2000 Census are not available for Native Americans.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Projections based on 2000 Decennial Census
slide 25
Change in Population Age 25-44 By Race/Ethnicity,
2005-2025
…2,689,700
…1,044,516
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
slide 26
Educational Attainment of Young Workforce (Age 25-34)
Indexed to Most Educated Country, 2007
White
African-American
Hispanic/Latino
Native American/AK Native
Asian/Pacific Islander
Males
Males
Males
Males
Males
Females
Females
Females
Females
Females
1.8
1.8
Bachelor's Degree
or Higher
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
All College Degrees
(Associate or Higher)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
Norway
Canada
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
U.S. Index = 87%
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
1.3
U.S. Index = 72%
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.3
Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2005-2007 American Community Survey; OECD
Percent of Adults with an Associate Degree or
Higher, 2005
70
68.0
60
Age 25-34
Age 45-54
51.7
50
44.4
40.6
40
30
26.9
26.4
24.9
18.8
20
20.5
21.5
10
0
White
African-American
Hispanic
Native American/
Alaska Native
Asian/
Pacific Islander
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics 2002 data, U.S. Census Bureau 2005 data
slide 28
THE EDUCATION PIPELINE
A FOCUS ON ADULTS
The Population of Young Adults
Not Enrolled in School or College, 2007
Less than High
School
High School,
No College
Some College,
No Degree
18-24
3,210,000
6,827,000
2,739,000
25-34
5,250,000
10,703,000
6,688,000
Total
8,460,000
17,530,000
9,427,000
Total: 35,417,000
Source: American Community Survey
Adult Education and Literacy
Target Population, 2005
Target Population (Exclusive Categories)
Age 18-64
138,127,986
Target
Population
42,357,936
(23.5%)
8,339,734
ESL: High school diploma
only or less—no or poor
ability to speak English
14,494,128
Not Prepared for College or
Work: High school diploma
only, in families earning less
than a living wage (not ESL)
19,524,074
No High School Diploma or
Equivalent (not ESL)
Note: Incarcerated population not separated out.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS; PUMS
slide 32
Target Populations as a Percentage of All Adults Age 18-64, 2005
Adult Education & Literacy
25
20
15
North Dakota
Minnesota
New
Connecticut
Hawaii
Vermont
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
Nebraska
Wyoming
Maryland
Iowa
Utah
New Jersey
Colorado
Montana
Washington
Kansas
Virginia
Michigan
South Dakota
Maine
Rhode island
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Alaska
Oregon
Delaware
Ohio
New York
Dist of Col
Indiana
Missouri
United States
Idaho
Florida
Arizona
North Carolina
Oklahoma
Georgia
Nevada
California
South Carolina
Tennessee
New Mexico
Kentucky
Alabama
West Virginia
Louisiana
Texas
Arkansas
Mississippi
0
13.6
13.6
15.0
15.9
16.1
16.2
16.8
16.9
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.9
17.9
18.4
18.4
18.6
18.7
18.8
19.4
19.6
20.0
20.1
20.2
20.8
20.9
21.2
21.2
21.5
21.9
22.7
22.9
22.9
23.1
23.5
24.2
24.6
25.8
25.9
25.9
26.3
27.1
27.2
27.5
28.2
28.9
29.0
29.3
29.7
29.9
30.3
30.5
32.4
30
ESL: High School Diploma Only or Less, No or Poor Ability to Speak English
High School Diploma, Earning Less than a Living Wage (Not ESL)
Less than a High School Diploma or Equivalent (Not ESL)
35
10
5
slide 33
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS; PUMS
Note: Incarcerated population not separated out.
Number of Adults Age 18-64 Who Speak English
Poorly or Not at All by State, 2005
2,579,656
1,274,890
661,822
700,000
572,991
600,000
405,061
336
465
516
589
2,840
3,425
4,326
4,344
6,469
10,684
14,360
14,747
17,203
20,758
23,803
26,484
26,823
28,453
29,476
31,263
32,805
33,692
39,898
43,355
45,469
46,692
47,318
48,540
50,621
55,941
59,181
62,005
68,428
74,434
86,029
88,618
108,092
117,279
117,677
131,889
137,938
159,443
160,927
204,657
266,011
291,011
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
400,000
ta
Dako
Nor th Vir gi nia
t
Wes ont
Ver m na
ta
Mon ing
m
Wyo Dakota
h
Sout
e
Mai n
re
ka
Alas Hampshi mbia
u
New ict of Col
Dist r si ppi
is
Miss
war e
Del a cky
u
Kent i ana
Louis
Iowa ii
a
Haw
o
Idah ma
a
Alab aska
Nebr e Island
Rhod ur i
o
Miss sas
n
Arka s
a
Kans oma
h
a
Okl a Caroli n
h
Sout essee
Tenn
Ohi o
Utahonsin
Wiscesota
Minnna
Indi a Mexico
New ect icut
Conngan
i
Mich n
o
Oreg and
l
Mar y ia
n
Virgi da
Neva yl vani a
s
Penn
rado
Col o ington s
t
h
Was achuset
Mass Carolina
Nor thgia
Geor Jer sey
New a
n
Arizois
Il lino a
d
Flor i Yor k
New
s
Texa rni a
o
Cal if
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
slide 34
U.S. = 8,339,734
500,000
Number of U.S. Residents Age 18-64 Who Speak English
Poorly or Not at All, By Level of Education Completed, 2005
4,000,000
3,997,270
U.S. = 8,339,734
3,000,000
2,459,145
2,000,000
1,883,319
1,000,000
696,499
530,690
269,852
204,856
0
Less than
9th Grade
Grades 9-12
(No Diploma)
High School
Some College
Associate
Bachelor's
Graduate/
Professional
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
slide 35
Percent of Population Age 18-64 with Less than a
High School Diploma (or Equivalent), 2005
15
10
6.9
North Dakota
Minnesota
Montana
Hawaii
Wyoming
Vermont
Maine
Iowa
New Hampshire
Wisconsin
South Dakota
Nebraska
Alaska
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Pennsylvania
Kansas
Utah
Michigan
Maryland
New Jersey
Washington
Colorado
Ohio
Virginia
Oregon
Illinois
Missouri
Idaho
Rhode Island
Delaware
Indiana
New York
Florida
United States
Oklahoma
West Virginia
North Carolina
Tennessee
South Carolina
Arkansas
Georgia
Arizona
New Mexico
Alabama
Louisiana
Kentucky
Nevada
Mississippi
California
Texas
0
7.8
8.0
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.8
8.9
8.9
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.6
9.9
10.2
10.2
10.3
10.3
10.8
11.0
11.3
11.3
11.4
11.7
12.2
12.2
12.5
12.7
13.0
13.1
13.3
13.3
13.6
13.8
14.1
14.2
14.6
15.5
15.5
15.8
15.8
15.9
16.2
16.6
16.9
16.9
17.1
17.6
18.8
18.9
19.8
20
5
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
slide 36
Number of Adults Age 18-64 with Only a High School
Diploma or Less in Families with Incomes Below a Living
3,707,705
Wage* by State, 2005
3,038,986
1,723,791
1,761,945
2,000,000
33,767
40,862
47,705
54,387
58,646
66,142
69,587
70,149
75,638
76,359
84,571
121,427
131,886
151,810
170,458
189,630
218,909
228,546
242,116
255,476
265,229
289,130
337,262
338,720
365,538
382,354
394,303
395,163
410,267
432,751
498,705
514,962
542,814
555,734
568,872
588,529
595,907
611,190
611,202
629,606
789,126
843,119
973,247
1,001,589
1,034,744
1,089,271
1,090,711
U.S. = 28,770,543
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
ta
Dako
Nor thming
Wyo ont
Ver m f Col
o
Dist ka
kota
Alas
h Da
Sout ar e
ire
w
Del a Hampsh
New e Island
Rhod ii
a
Hawtana
Mon e
Mai naska
Nebr
o
Idah
Utah ect icut
Connas
Kans
Iowa a
d
Neva exico
M
New Vir gi nia
t
Wes esota
Minn land
Mar yon
Oreg ado
r
Col o sin
n
o
Wisc sas
n
tts
Arka achuse
Mass oma
h
Okl a ssi ppi
i
Misshington a
Was Caroli n
h
Sout Jer sey
New
nia
Virgi cky
u
Kentour i
Missna
Indi a i ana
Louis m
a
Alab a
n
Arizoessee
Tennigan
Mich Carolina
Nor thgia
Georis
Il lino
Ohi o syl vani a
PennYor k
New a
d
Flor i s
Texaorni a
Cal if
slide 37
*200% of Poverty Level
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
Number of U.S. Residents Age 18-64 in Families with
Incomes Below a Living Wage, By Education Level
Completed, 2005
15,801,210
16,000,000
U.S. = 28,770,543
12,000,000
8,050,077
8,000,000
7,144,389
4,919,256
4,000,000
2,765,001
2,030,729
887,438
0
Less than
9th Grade
Grades 9-12
(No Diploma)
High School
Diploma
Some College
Associate
Bachelor's
Graduate/
Professional
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
slide 38
Proportion of Residents Age 18-64 in Families with Incomes
Below a Living Wage within Each Education Attainment
Category, 2005
75
61.0
50
46.5
Percent
29.9
25
17.5
14.5
8.9
5.5
0
Less than
9th Grade
Grades 9-12
(No Diploma)
High School
Diploma
Some College
Associate
Bachelor's
Graduate/
Professional
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
slide 39
EVIDENCE THAT WE’RE NOT
REACHING ADULTS
Enrollment in State-Administered Adult Education Programs
per 1,000 Residents with Less than a High School Diploma
By Age Group, 2005 (U.S.)
300
278
225
150
107
75
22
0
Age 16-24*
Age 25-44
Age 45 and Older
*Age 16-24 with no high school diploma or equivalent, not enrolled
Source: U.S. Department of Education
Enrollment of Residents Age 16-24 in State-Administered
Adult Education Programs per 1,000 Residents Age 16-24 with Less
than a High School Diploma, 2005
606
400
300
200
100
Nevada
Arizona
Colorado
Texas
Massachusett
Michigan
Virginia
Idaho
New Jersey
Alabama
Maryland
Kansas
Oregon
Ohio
New
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Montana
Washington
Missouri
Iowa
Wyoming
New York
Rhode Island
Alaska
South Dakota
West Virginia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Delaware
Wisconsin
Mississippi
United States
New Mexico
Indiana
Nebraska
Georgia
Illinois
Tennessee
Dis of Col
Maine
Utah
Vermont
South Carolina
California
Minnesota
Arkansas
North Carolina
North Dakota
Hawaii
Connecticut
Florida
0
63
92
95
109
116
118
139
150
152
153
176
181
185
186
190
192
192
195
195
206
207
208
212
219
220
226
229
231
236
245
251
272
278
296
298
308
320
321
322
339
341
361
365
380
381
405
429
446
481
500
533
600
788
800
700
*Age 16-24 with no high school diploma or equivalent, not enrolled
Source: U.S. Department of Education
Enrollment of Residents Age 25-44 in State-Administered
Adult Education Programs per 1,000 Residents Age 25-44 with Less
than a High School Diploma, 2005
213
100
Alabama
Nevada
Texas
Colorado
Arizona
Kansas
Louisiana
Vermont
Michigan
Virginia
Montana
Idaho
West Virginia
Massachusetts
Oklahoma
Ohio
North Dakota
Mississippi
Indiana
Wyoming
Oregon
Dis of Col
Iowa
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Kentucky
New Jersey
South Dakota
Delaware
Wisconsin
Missouri
New
Rhode Island
Georgia
United States
Nebraska
Alaska
Maine
North Carolina
New York
Hawaii
Washington
New Mexico
California
Illinois
Arkansas
Connecticut
South Carolina
Utah
Florida
Minnesota
0
38
42
48
48
52
52
54
55
50
66
68
70
71
73
74
75
76
77
79
80
80
82
84
85
85
86
87
89
89
93
94
94
95
96
98
103
107
107
115
123
127
128
129
138
139
141
146
153
158
168
150
187
200
250
250
Source: U.S. Department of Education
GEDs Awarded per 1,000 Adults with Less than a High
School Diploma or Equivalent by Age Group, 2005 (U.S.)
84.5
14.9
15
10
4.7
5
0.5
0
Age 16-24*
Age 25-34
Age 35-49
Age 50 and Older
*Age 16-24 with no high school diploma or equivalent, not enrolled
Source: GED Testing Service, U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
GEDs Awarded to Adults Age 16-24 per 1,000 Adults Age 16-24* with
Less than a High School Diploma or Equivalent, 2005
183
185
75
31
33
Delaware
California
Texas
Nevada
South Carolina
Maryland
New Jersey
Arizona
Michigan
Louisiana
North Carolina
Alabama
Illinois
Connecticut
Missouri
Ohio
United States
New Hampshire
Iowa
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Rhode Island
Georgia
Mississippi
Florida
Oklahoma
Washington
Kentucky
New Mexico
Idaho
Colorado
Dis of Col
Wisconsin
Nebraska
Tennessee
New York
Kansas
Minnesota
Massachusetts
Oregon
West Virginia
Arkansas
Utah
South Dakota
Virginia
Wyoming
Maine
Alaska
Montana
Hawaii
Vermont
North Dakota
0
62
63
68
70
70
71
74
75
76
78
79
82
84
84
85
88
92
92
94
95
96
100
105
106
106
106
106
109
109
110
110
114
117
117
120
121
123
125
128
129
130
138
141
141
153
156
150
202
225
340
*Age 16-24 with no high school diploma or equivalent, not enrolled
Source: GED Testing Service, U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
GEDs Awarded to Adults Age 25-34 per 1,000 Adults Age 25-34 with
Less than a High School Diploma or Equivalent, 2005
35
35
31
32
23
23
23
6
California
Dis of Col
Nevada
Delaware
Texas
South Carolina
Alabama
Maryland
Vermont
Michigan
Florida
Rhode Island
Massachusett
United States
Illinois
North Carolina
New Jersey
Arizona
Connecticut
New Mexico
Colorado
New York
Kansas
Oregon
Hawaii
Utah
Georgia
Nebraska
Louisiana
Mississippi
Idaho
Indiana
Missouri
Pennsylvania
Washington
Arkansas
New
Virginia
Minnesota
Oklahoma
West Virginia
Tennessee
Ohio
Kentucky
Iowa
Montana
South Dakota
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Maine
North Dakota
Alaska
0
9
9
10
11
10
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
20
20
20
21
21
20
25
25
25
25
26
27
29
30
30
39
40
Source: GED Testing Service, U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS
Distribution of GEDs Awarded by Age Group, 1990
and 2005 (Percent)
30
25.1 25.6
1990
25
2005
20
16.1
15
13.7
14.1
13.9
12.7
11.9
10.9
9.5
10
6.8
5
6.7
6.2
6.0
4.4
3.9
4.9
2.3
1.0
1.5
0.8 0.3
0
Age: 16
17
18
19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-49
50-59
60+
Source: GED Testing Service
College Enrollment of Residents Age 25-49 as a Percentage of
Residents Age 25-49 with a High School Diploma but No College, 2005
40.1
15
10
Louisiana
Pennsylvania
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Vermont
Tennessee
South Carolina
Connecticut
Maine
Delaware
New Jersey
Mississippi
Massachusetts
Ohio
Arkansas
Georgia
Indiana
Montana
New York
Alabama
Rhode Island
Kentucky
Wisconsin
Hawaii
Virginia
Missouri
Nevada
Florida
North Carolina
Wyoming
South Dakota
United States
Texas
Oklahoma
Michigan
Idaho
Alaska
Maryland
Kansas
Minnesota
Nebraska
Oregon
Iowa
North Dakota
Washington
Illinois
Colorado
New Mexico
California
Utah
Arizona
0
7.5
7.6
8.5
8.6
9.0
9.1
9.6
9.6
9.7
10.5
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.9
10.9
11.1
11.1
11.4
12.0
12.0
12.2
12.8
12.9
13.0
13.1
13.2
13.7
13.9
14.0
14.0
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.7
14.7
14.8
15.0
15.1
16.1
16.7
16.9
17.0
17.7
18.6
19.8
20
22.0
23.2
24.1
25
5
Source: NCES, IPEDS Enrollment Survey; U.S. Census Bureau 2005 ACS
Barriers to Adult Participation & Completion
• Prior preparation – absence of basic skills
• Time
– Life happens
– Courses scheduled to benefit faculty & 18 year-olds
– End point is discouragingly far away
• Cost
– Out-of-pocket
– Opportunity
• Relevance
• Motivation
Remedies
• A vastly improved approach to remedial/developmental education
–
–
–
–
More fine-grained assessment of deficiencies
Modularized instruction
Use of technology
A workplace oriented approach (e.g., WorkKeys and KeyTrain)
• Providing short-term benefits
– Work readiness certificates
– Career pathways
– Stackable certificates
• Assessments that translate into credit for prior learning
• Employers “pulling” the need for education
• Student aid geared to adult, part-time students
– Earn & Learn
WORKFORCE VS. WORKPLACE
AS THE FOCUS OF ATTENTION
Net Migration of Residents Age 22-29 with an
Associate Degree or Higher, 2004-05
38,372
15,000
10,000
-5,000
-8,315
-8,036
-7,250
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS PUMS File
-4,847
-4,675
-2,996
-2,831
-2,469
-2,241
-2,005
-1,734
-1,600
-1,493
-1,116
-742
-680
-609
-463
-242
-220
-206
-73
-10,000
Indiana
Pennsylvania
Louisiana
Ohio
Utah
Michigan
Kansas
North Dakota
West Virginia
Iowa
Arkansas
Maine
Mississippi
New Hampshire
Vermont
Alaska
Rhode Island
Alabama
New Mexico
Wyoming
Oklahoma
Missouri
0
22 Delaware
30 South Dakota
648
Idaho
725
Minnesota
927
Tennessee
1,059
Connecticut
1,342
Nebraska
1,888
Montana
Hawaii
2,667
2,721
Kentucky
3,904
Oregon
4,162
Georgia
4,514
Nevada
5,464
Wisconsin
5,469
Massachusett
5,548
Virginia
South
6,078
Illinois
Arizona
Maryland
Colorado
New York
New Jersey
North Carolina
Washington
Florida
Texas
California
5,000
9,585
10,302
11,376
11,781
11,902
12,425
13,486
15,148
16,260
17,176
20,000
Net Migration of Residents Age 30-64 with an
Associate Degree or Higher, 2004-05
68,825
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
-5,000
-10,000
New York
Louisiana
-5,199
Ohio
-4,273
Nebraska
-3,391
Massachusetts
-3,349
Illinois
-3,223
California
-3,020
Indiana
-2,157
Rhode Island
-2,060
Alaska
-1,789
Mississippi
-1,698
Kansas -728
North Dakota -498
Wyoming -369
Vermont -43
47 South Dakota
398 Kentucky
1,433
West Virginia
1,911
Maine
2,005
Hawaii
2,030
Michigan
2,461
Iowa
2,804
Minnesota
3,314
Delaware
3,611
Montana
3,692
Oklahoma
3,834
Missouri
3,937
Maryland
4,425
Utah
4,790
New Hampshire
5,585
Connecticut
5,663
New Mexico
6,033
Alabama
6,259
Idaho
6,392
Wisconsin
6,406
Pennsylvania
6,724
Arkansas
8,186
Colorado
9,170
Tennessee
10,572
Oregon
10,834
Nevada
12,015
Virginia
13,309
North Carolina
14,428
South Carolina
15,481
New Jersey
16,333
Georgia
Washington
Arizona
Texas
Florida
20,000
22,835
25,000
33,029
34,861
35,000
30,000
-29,733
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS PUMS File
Higher Education’s Contributions to Economic
Development
1. Research as Economic Development
2. Commercialization of research that creates new
companies and jobs
3. Teaching Entrepreneurship
4. Converting research findings into problem solutions –
the Scholarship of Application
5. Creating a welcoming environment for the “creative”
class
6. Workforce development – Quick response to employers’
needs
slide 54