Transcript Document

POULTRY HISTORY AND INDUSTRY
Courtesy of Joshua Daniel, 2014
HISTORY OF POULTRY
DOMESTICATION
• Origin of chicken - Jungle Fowl
(Southeast Asia - India)
• Domestication of chicks in East Asia –
7,500 years ago
• Earliest record of poultry – 3200 BC in
India
• Reason for initial domestication rooster fighting (1st spectator sport)
Ancient Chinese Egg
Incubator
Egyptians designed
egg incubators
Incubated eggs about
100˚F
Someone would
estimate temperature
with skin, worked well
Used incubator for
chicks to provide heat
USE OF CHICKENS IN EARLY AMERICA
• Small backyard flocks used for eggs,
not meat (may kill 1 or 2 for Sunday
dinner)
• Women of house tended the flocks
• Chickens were a status symbol,
breeding was an “in” thing to do
BIRTH OF THE BROILER INDUSTRY
• Cecile (Wilmer) Steele – pioneer of the poultry industry
• Ocean View Maryland, 1923
• Ordered 50 baby chicks, but they sent her 500
• Sold them as fryers when they weighed about 2 lbs
• By 1926 she had expanded and had approximately 10,000
birds
INFANCY OF THE BROILER INDUSTRY
• World War II boosted broiler production
in the US
• Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia)– but all the poultry produced
was to be sent to armed forces
• GA was 2nd with 10 million broilers
• Red meat was rationed – poultry was not
• Chicken started being a part of everyday
diet – not just for Sunday Dinner
ADOLESCENCE OF THE BROILER
INDUSTRY
• After World War II, chicken
consumption continued to increase
• No longer used “dual purpose” birds,
genetic selection was for birds for
meat or egg production
• The southern states (esp. Georgia)
expanded in broiler production
ADOLESCENCE OF THE BROILER
INDUSTRY
 Vertical integration of the industry made
chicken more readily available to
consumers
Feedmill
 Vertical integration is combining two or
more stages of an industry under one
management and ownership
Breeding
Hatchery
Growout
Processing
The Poultry Industry Continues to Develop
New Value-Added Products
Further Processed
Cut-up Parts
Today there are over 3,000 different chicken
products on the market
2006
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Whole
Prepared by: Georgia Poultry Federation
Source: USDA & National Chicken Council
Growth of the Poultry Industry:
1.
Quick return on money invested
Egg
Chick
Broiler
21 days(3wks)
6-7 wks
sexually mature chicken
(22-24 wks(6 mo))
2. Birds are excellent (efficient) at turning grain into
meat
3. Current public perception is that white meat is more
healthy (pork uses “the other white meat”)
4. Research/extension
FEED CONVERSIONS PER POUND
Product/Animal
FCR*
Broiler Chickens
1.7-1.9
Eggs
2.0
Beef
6.5
Pork
3.0
*FCR=Feed Conversion Ratio or # of feed required to get 1 lb. of
body weight or eggs
PRICE OF CHICKEN - AFFORDABLE
Year
$/lb
1928
2.65
1948
1.50
1968
0.75
1988
0.69
2005
0.75
2010
0.79 – 1.29
Top 5 chicken producing states
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Georgia
Arkansas
Alabama
Mississippi
North Carolina
 Industry
developed in the
south because:

Warm Weather

Close to some grain sources

Cheap housing

Abundant labor

Much cheaper to cool with fans than to heat
with gas
If Georgia were a country, it would be the
fifth largest in Broiler Production
(1,000 metric tons produced in 2006)
United States
China
Brazil
Mexico
GEORGIA
India
United Kingdom
France
Argentina
Japan
16,162
10,359
9,280
2,610
2,200
2,000
1,359
1,233
1,210
1,199
Prepared by: Georgia Poultry Federation
Source: USDA/FAS & FAOSTATS
The Largest Segment of Georgia Agriculture
Georgia’s Gigantic Poultry Industry
Livestock
11%
Crops
37%
Poultry
52%
2006 Farm Cash Receipts -- Percent Total by Commodity
Prepared by: Georgia Poultry Federation
Source: Georgia Agricultural Statistics Service
Egg production

30% further processed (cake mixes)
55% retail (table eggs)

15% food service (restaurants)

0.6% exportation
The U.S. can produce eggs cheaper than
anywhere else in the world

Egg Operations:
1975 – 10,000
1999 – 750
Big loss of family farms
TOP TEN BROILER PRODUCERS BY COUNTY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Franklin
Habersham
Madison
Banks
Jackson
Hart
Hall
Carroll
Colquitt
Gilmer
• $365,082,273
• $303,088,348
• $277,095,800
• $268,252,032
• $256,909,207
• $255,622,922
• $239,385,960
• $222,558,944
• $222,120,427
• $189,984,359
Industry Breakdown In Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe Co
Georgia
Avg. County
Total Farm Gate Value of production, 2011 $249,181,793
$12,953,313,087 $81,467,378
Poultry/eggs value
$5,468,931,372
$175,692,430
$34,395,795
Hot issues in poultry production:
1.
Animal Welfare
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
Molting
Crowded houses
Catching, processing,
Anthropomorphism
Environmental Pollution
1.
2.
3.
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Antibiotic use

More is known about nutrition of
poultry than any other species,
including humans
 Vitamin, mineral, and amino
acids were discovered with the
help of chickens