Transcript Document

POULTRY
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF
POULTRY
The place of the poultry industry in U. S.
agriculture
- Poultry is a term that includes a wide variety of
domestic birds of several species
- the important commercial poultry species
- the combined gross annual income
- contributions of the segments to the total
value are shown in Figure 18-1
- the broiler segment
- turkeys are also increasing and eggs
are occupying a smaller portion
- poultry are responsible for nearly 11% of all U.S.
farm cash receipts (Figure 18-2) and over 22% of
animal agriculture’s share of all U.S. farm cash
receipts (Figure 18-3)
• The poultry sector is growing
• This is a major industry
– The poultry sector has both aggressively developed
and incorporated technology
– The broiler industry especially has seized innovation
– Then, it has made the product convenient and good to
eat
– In so doing,
– The egg industry
• It supplies approximately 240 eggs per capita
Purpose of the Poultry Industry in the US
• Inexpensive sources of protein for human
consumption
– Meat and eggs are among the best protein buys
– Poultry are the most efficient converters of
grain to meat
– Useful on a worldwide
Historical Perspective
• Domestication.
– Cockfighting is generally accepted
– Cockfighting has been a favored pastime
• Columbus
• In 1607,
– Small flock keeping began
• The flock provided meat and eggs to the family
• The practice began fading in earnest when agriculture
began restructuring
– In 1828, the first Single Comb White Leghorns were
imported
– In 1873 the American Poultry Association was
formed
• In 1874 they issued the first American Standard of
Excellence
• In 1903 the Cornell gasoline brooder was developed
Integration
• In 1895 the commercial feed industry began in Chicago
• By 1934 the USDA began reporting commercial broilers
separately from other chickens
– The production of broiler meat by the broiler industry since
1934 can be seen in Figure 18-10
– Improvements in diets, equipment, genetics, flock health, and
processing
– In 1956. Col. Harland Sanders began franchise operations
– The integrated poultry industry we know today emerged
– From 1975 till present
– Combined cash receipts for poultry
Structure and location of the poultry industry
The broiler industry
• Modern broiler production is concentrated
• Large farms
• Economies of size
• A typical integrated broiler company
• Over 90% of the commercial broilers in the U.S.
• Approximately 40% of the product
• The south and southeastern states
The U.S. Egg Industry
• Egg production is done in large technologically
advanced units
• Egg-producing is concentrated and integrated from
hatchery to marketing
• Geographically, the egg industry is distributed in a
pattern somewhat like the human population (Figure
18-15)
– Other factors are also at play
– Part of the reason for the dispersed pattern is that eggs require
less processing than broilers
• Figure 18-13. Laying hens and eggs increased until the
early 1970’s
– Since the late 1980’s
– There are around 900 farms
• The turkey industry in the U.S.
– Turkeys are also produced under integreated
structures
– A major influence on the turkey industry has
been further processing
– It is hard to see the same patterns in the turkey
producing industry as can be seen in the broiler
industry (Figure 18-18)
• The U.S. duck, goose and other poultry
industries. See Table 18-1
Genetics and breeding programs
• Breeding poultry is different from breeding of the
larger animals
– It is more flexible
– It has been the most subjected to modern animal
breeding and selection techniques
– Fewer people
• Heterosis is very easy to demonstrate in poultry
and it is relied on extensively
– Poultry breeding programs
– Inbreeding
– Outcrossing
• A variation of outcrossing called strain crossing
• Poultry breeding today is
Breeds, Varieties, and Strains of Poultry
• Generally speaking chickens are one of two
types: meat type and egg type
• In order to identify and classify each, they
are designated by class, breed, variety, and
strain
• Only a few breeds have a place in the
industry
Reproductive Management in Poultry
• Management for reproductive efficiency
– When eggs fail to hatch, it may be the breeder
flock, the incubation procedures, or any step
between
• Breeder flock management
• Mating systems in poultry are either
– Mass mating
– Pen mating
– Stud mating
Nutrition in Poultry
• Poultry feeding has changed more than the
feeding of any other species
• Poultry nutrition is also more critical,
complicated and thus a greater challenge to the
producer, than the other farm species
– However
– Economic production
– Feed is the largest cost in the production of the
poultry species
– Feeding practices across the country
– Rations are formulated
– Table 18-3 gives examples of rations
Flock Health Management
• Disease control is absolutely essential to the
poultry industry
• Luckily, some of the more devastating have
been eradicated
– Never the less, poultry farmers must stay
constantly vigilant
– Biosecurity measures are routinely practiced.
– The National Poultry Improvement Plan USDA
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Nutritional benefits to humans of poultry
• The proportions of the recommended daily
dietary allowance for 25-50 year-old woman on
a 2200- calorie diet for eggs and chicken are
presented in Table 18-4
– Both eggs and poultry meat
– A complete nutrient analysis is given in Table 18-5
Trends and factors in the poultry industry
Turkey consumption and production
- increase in production
Broiler production and consumption
- There has been an unbroken string of yearover-year increases in broiler production
- per capita consumption of broiler meat is
steadily increasing (Figure 18-13)
- total poultry meat consumption
What are the reasons for increased chicken
consumption?
– Cost advantages
– The industry has produced increased amounts of
chicken for sale
– This is a major reason that chicken has taken market
share
• However, other factors are also at work
– Convenience, packaging, shelf-life and taste
– Fast food
Nutrition and health consciousness
• The beginning of the decade of the 1980’s
• Poultry products are good food
• Chicken and turkey both increased
consumption at percentages that rival foods
with a “health” connotation
Egg use and consumption
• Per capita egg consumption in the U.S. is around 240
eggs per capita
– Egg consumption declined because of
– Whether right or wrong, the cholesterol scare has hurt the eggproducing part of the poultry industry
– However, changing eating habits has probably been the most
important factor
• People either skip breakfast
• Hand held foods
• Added to the problems of the egg
• Also, there aren’t many further processed convenient
products
• However, we eat about ten more eggs per capita now than
ten years ago
Cholesterol. Cholesterol has been a mainstream
issue for over 20 years
• Early recommendations of some health care
professionals to reduce dietary cholesterol
• Scientists cautioned that the link had not been
established
• A growing body of evidence has been
accumulating that dietary levels of cholesterol
have very little to do with plasma levels of
cholesterol
Food and Safety Concerns
• Eggs and Salmonella
• The inside of an egg
• The number of affected eggs is small with flocks
associated with outbreaks tested to have only two
or three infected eggs per 10,000
– An individual thus has a likelihood of finding an
infected egg of about 0.005%
– Even then the numbers of microorganisms in a
properly handled and refrigerated egg
– However, to be on the safe side
Integration and consolidation
• All phases of poultry production are and
will continue to become more specialized
• In addition, more integrators may opt to
own
Technological innovation and standardization
• The poultry industry has made the most dramatic
advancements in both biology and technical aspects of
any of the livestock industries
• Since 1925, the time for broilers to reach market
• The amount of feed required
– It now takes less than two pounds of feed
• The number of eggs/hen has more than doubled
• Much of this is due to its willingness to take advantage
of modernization and technological innovation
• Biotechnology will allow us to increase production and
efficiency
• Mechanization
Biotechnology
• The products of biotechnology that will
most help poultry producers
• In addition such tools are marker assisted
selection