Poultry and Egg Production:

M.E. Persia Iowa State University September 8, 2011

Background Information

• What is poultry production?

– Meat chickens – Laying hens (egg production) – Meat turkeys – Meat ducks – Ratites (ostrich and emu) – Game birds (quail, pheasants and partridge) – Breeding stock

Meat Chicken Production

State Georgia Alabama Arkansas Mississippi North Carolina Texas Missouri Virginia Delaware Kentucky South Carolina Tennessee California Louisiana Maryland Oklahoma Other States Number Live weight 1,000 head 1,000 pounds 1,205,004 1,082,334 973,634 757,545 707,861 6,322,022 6,059,406 5,551,543 4,483,780 5,013,567 684,058 413,091 318,858 304,471 304,237 298,727 289,909 266,761 184,163 138,855 129,705 569,616 3,841,478 1,961,251 1,650,008 2,117,720 1,650,617 1,950,163 1,487,249 1,503,951 1,122,202 667,669 888,473 2,924,854 2010 US Poultry and Egg Association Average Weight Pounds 5.7

5.2

5.7

5.9

7.1

5.1

5.6

6.1

4.8

6.8

5.11

5.6

4.7

5.2

7 5.4

6.5

Egg Production (Laying Hens)

United States

Iowa Ohio Pennsylvania Indiana California Texas Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Florida Number 1,000 head

247,400

51,866 27,000 24,398 22,446 19,252 13,251 10,133 9,637 9,094 9,037 2010 American Egg Board

Meat Turkey Production

United States

Minnesota North Carolina Arkansas Missouri Virginia California Indiana Pennsylvania South Carolina Iowa Ohio Other States Number In 2007 1,000 head

266,700

Number in 2008 1,000 head

273,100

Change (%)

102

46,500 38,500 29,500 18,500 20,500 16,200 13,600 11,000 10,400 8,700 6,000 47,300 48,000 40,000 31,000 18,000 21,000 16,000 14,500 11,500 12,500 9,000 6,000 45,600 103 103 105 97 102 99 106 105 120 103 100 96 2008 National Turkey Federation

Importance of Poultry in Iowa

Beef Dairy Swine Layers Turkey Other

Farmgate receipts animal agriculture in Iowa (2005)  Approximately 6% of Animal Agriculture Farm Gate Receipts in Iowa  Accounts for over $500 million annually

Commercial Production

• Size – Broiler – Layer – Turkey • Integration 22,000-26,000 birds per house 5 to 7 flocks a year 200,000-350,000 birds per house 0.5 to 1 flocks a year 15,000 birds per house 3 flocks a year

An Integrated Approach

Grandparent Flock Parent Flocks Hatchery Retail Feed Mill Hatchery Production Flocks Rendering Plant Distribution Processing Plant

Chicks

• Crossbred chicks to gain growth advantage Grandparent Male Grandparent Female Grandparent Male Grandparent Female Parent Female Parent Male Productive Stock

Chicks

• Selection has increased efficiency

Chicks

• • Hatchery – Vaccination – Sorted – Sexed Transportation – From hatchery to farm

Feed

• Majority of the cost of poultry production • Source and purchase complete feed or ingredients to make feed • Several diets fed over the production cycle

Feed

• Feed Mill – Broiler and turkey rations are pelleted – Laying hen diets are fed as mash – One feed mill makes the diets for several farms in a region

Feed

Ingredient

Corn Soybean meal (48%) Meat and bone meal Dried distillers grains with solubles Poultry fat Rock phosphate Limestone Salt Vitamin and Mineral Premix

Percentage

64 20 6 4 3 1.7

1.4

0.4

0.5

Shelter

Laying facility Broiler house

Air, Ventilation and Temp. Control

• • • Movement of air – Cool birds – Remove volatile compounds – Refresh air Brooding of young chicks Lighting

Process

• Broiler/Turkey – Hatchery – 21 or 28 days • Sanitation important • Incubation and hatching – Growout – 35 to 56 d for Broilers and 16 to 21 wks for Turkeys • All in all out • Biosecurity important

Process

• Broiler/Turkey – Processing plant(approximately 1 day) • Located away from farms (must transport birds) • Labor intensive • High adoption of technology/automation • Sanitation important (Food Safety) • Packaging and storage • Further processing

Process

• Laying hen – Hatchery – 21 days • Similar to meat birds • Sanitation important • Sex all chicks – Pullets – 18 weeks • Immature female laying hen • Sunk cost

Process

• Laying hen – Lay cycle – 40 to 50 weeks • Automation – egg belt • Induced Molting – increase productivity – Processing plant • Located on Farm • Clean eggs • Candle and remove defective • Grade eggs • Further processing

Egg Facility

What are the products? (eggs)

Shell Eggs Liquid Egg Whites Liquid Egg Yolks Liquid Egg Substitutes Powdered Whole Eggs Powdered Egg Whites Meringue Powder Powdered Egg Substitutes Hard Cooked or Pickled Eggs

What are the Products? (Meat)

Production equation

• • • • • • • •

Inputs

Chicks (Genetic Stock) Feed Medication Water Shelter Ventilation/Temp. Control Labor/Process Time • • • • • • •

Outputs

Poultry products Hatchery waste Manure/litter Spent hens Egg waste/carcass trim Dust/odor/ammonia Noise/flies