Transcript Document

7.1 How have cities
grown and what
challenges do they
face?
7.1b Cities face a number of SOCIAL
and ENVIRONMENTAL
CHALLENGES resulting from RAPID
GROWTH and RESOURCE
DEMANDS.
Lesson 4- Today we will
EXAMINE the URBAN
CHALLENGES in the
DEVELOPING world.
What are the challenges
DEVELOPING WORLD CITIES
face because of rapid
growth?
EXAM
SKILLS
PRACTICE
1) Describe the
growth of Lagos
since 1950 (2)
Give reasons for
this pattern (2)
Why are DEVELOPING WORLD CITIES
growing so rapidly?
1) NATURAL INCREASE is
high in DEVELOPING
WORLD CITIES like LAGOA,
NIGERIA
The residents of cities like Lagos are young
and therefore have children of their own
increasing the population further naturallynatural increase
Why are DEVELOPING WORLD CITIES
growing so rapidly?
2) RURAL to URBAN
MIGRATION
The movement of
people from the
countryside to the
city
PUSH-PULL MODEL
• People move because they think life will be better in
Urban areas. There will be factors which PUSH them
from where they live now (RURAL ORIGIN), and
PULL them to a new place (URBAN DESTINATION)
Rural PUSH or Urban PULL?
Quality of housing and
social amenities
Low Agricultural
production/income
Employment Prospects are
improved
Meeting Social Needs –
education / health
Lack of Health & Education
Rural unrest/safety
concerns/other…
Work is hard and lbour
intensive
Security / being with
relatives
Other reasons…
Rural Population Pressure
The push from the countryside
(RURAL):
Lack of jobs other than poorly
paid farm work
Lack of services such as
doctors
Lack of opportunity for life to
be better for your children
The pull of the cities
(URBAN):
Chances of regular paid
work
Chances of better health
services and schools.
Chances of a more
interesting life
Better prospects for
children to survive and
thrive
Desperation to avoid
starvation in the rural
areas.
Transport and
congestion
Water
security
The
INFORMAL
ECONOMY
Lack of adequate
formal housing
What are the
CHALLENGES
caused by this
RAPID CITY
GROWTH?
High
levels
Of
pollution
Energy
security
Due to large numbers of
people entering the cities,
the city planners cannot
keep pace and build
enough houses….
illegally
SQUATTER
SETTLEMENTS
Once one illegal SQUATTER
SETTLEMENT is built, other
people follow and build
their own creating
SHANTY TOWNS (large
collections of illegal
housing)
These houses are SLUM
housing as they lack all or
some basic necessities
like…
Life in Kibera Slum, Nairobi, Kenya
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwbybRFT50
Watch the video and make notes on life in Kibera SLUM
Transport and congestion
DEVELOPING WORLD
cities like Lagos face
heavy CONGESTION on
their roads as car
numbers increase as
more residents arrive.
Lack of money
means it takes
time to tarmac
roads and add
traffic lights to
control traffic
Other reasons for
CONGESTION are lax
road laws and
insurance which means
people drive with less
care and order.
Lack of money also means
a lack of investment in
public transport which
leads to more cars on the
roads as there are fewer
alternatives
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1JGGjAm42c
China’s most polluted city
Describe the scene in the city?
What social impacts does this have on the people of
the city?
High levels of air
pollution caused by
burning fossil fuels and
increasing numbers of
cars….
This shortens the lives of
cities residents and puts
a strain on healthcare
services
…..create health issues
such as asthma and
bronchitis.
It also can lead to lost
working hours as
people cannot go out
due to the high levels of
air pollution and smog.
The United Nations estimates
that 1 billion people do not
have access to adequate
supplies of water and 2
billion do not have access to
adequate sanitation facilities.
Open water attracts
mosquitoes which
may transmit malaria.
It is also a breeding ground for snails,
which can carry diseases such as
schistosomiasis, a disease which affects
the
intestines.
Dhaka is a major city of 9 million people in
Bangladesh. The city is not able
to supply enough safe water, so people have to drink
from pools of water
on the ground. This water is often polluted, and
drinking this type of water
is responsible for 2 million deaths worldwide each
year.
The Buriganga River, Dhaka, Bangladesh
heavy polluted from sources such as waste
flowing into the river, oil spills from boats and
building structures appearing on the river
banks.
foul smells and rotting fish, the stench is
unbelievable, according to the Environment
Department, up to 40,000 tons of tannery
waste flows into the river daily, along with
sewage from Dhaka, a city of more than 10
million.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHKLIpz9F5c from
1.55
• What is life like in the Olesosun dump and slum?
• Describe the jobs people do there
• What are the benefits of these jobs? Costs?
• What happens a lot in Lagos?
• What are the impacts of these things happening?
Black outs in cities
like Lagos are
very common.
They happen a lot
Sometimes
multiple times a
day
Power Outages Paralyse Lagos Airport
05 Mar 2013
This is due to the lack of
wealth to develop a
consistent, reliable power
source 24 hours a day
Nationwide Blackout? 24 Hours And Counting
May 25th 2013
Power generation remains
poor, blackout persists in Lagos
1/5/12
Small businesses hit by blackout in Lagos
10/7/2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHKLIpz9F5c from 1.55
In spite of their belief when they
migrate, reality in slums in the
DEVELOPING WORLD’S URBAN
AREAS for rural to urban migrants
is often very different.
This means
the jobs are
temporary,
seasonal and
not regular.
Often what happens is that jobs
are only available in the
INFORMAL SECTOR.
These people do not
have a regular
wage coming in
which makes
getting a home
difficult (often
impossible)
It also means they
do not pay tax to
the city, so city
planners have less
money to build
legal homes for
migrants
Task• Produce a piece of work to highlight the
challenges that the growth of DEVELOPING
WORLD cities create, include the following
information within your piece of work• 2 EXPLAINED reasons why DEVELOPING
WORLD cities are experiencing RAPID
GROWTH.
• 4 CHALLENGES faced by DEVELOPING WORLD
CITIES
• Name actual cities in your work
Homework- EXAM PRACTICE
• Using named examples, compare the
challenges facing cities in the DEVELOPED and
DEVELOPING worlds (8)
• The quality of your written work is assessed in
this answer- you need to think about• Clear use of valid sentences throughout- no
bullet points
• Actual named places in your answer (1 or
many)
• Level 1 1–3􀀃 The response describes a number of urban problems but these are
not
• specifically linked to developed/developing–world cities or focus on one
• only. No attempt at a comparison and examples are of named cities only.
• Some structure to answer and some relevant use of geographical
• terminology.
• Level 2 4–6􀀃 The response explains a range of problems in both types of city, with
some
• use of examples and some details; likely to be two separate accounts with
• some attempt to compare at the top of the level. Clear structure, clearly
• communicated, with relevant use of geographical terminology.
• Level 3 7–8􀀃 Response uses detailed and appropriate examples to directly
compare the
• challenges facing both types of city. Differences/similarities between the
• two types of city are outlined. Clear structure, well communicated with
• excellent use of geographical terminology.