Transcript Europe is changing… - Annapolis High School

Europe is changing…
While Latin America is engulfed in
revolution Europe is undergoing
dramatic changes…
Europe after the Congress of Vienna?
Was the Congress successful?
• Yes, there was not
another war until 1914
• No, if you look at the
revolutions of the 20’s,
30’s, and 40’s it would
suggest that all of
Europe was unhappy
with the conservative
element handed down
by the Congress of
Vienna
In the 1800’s three schools of political
thought developed:
• Conservative—wanted to protect the
traditional monarchies
• Liberal—wanted to give more power to
elected parliaments; believed only
landowners and the educated could vote
(Should you be required to earn an
education to participate in the political
process?)
• Radical—favored drastic change to extend
democracy to all people
NATIONALISM
Elements of Nationalism
• Blurred the lines of the 3 political theories.
• When a nation has its own independent
government it becomes a nation-state
– A nation-state defends that nation’s territory and
way of life
– A person within a nation-state represents the
nation to the rest of the world
Greeks started it…
• For years the Greeks were apart of the
Ottoman Empire
• Although European nations opposed
revolution they felt a connection with the
Greek Orthodox (Christian) people versus
their Muslim (Ottoman) “aggressors”
• British, French, Russians assisted
• Spurred other revolts/rebellions
In France…
• Radicals demanded a democratic
government
• After Louis XVIII (took over after Napoleon)
came Charles X. Charles tried to reestablish
an absolute monarchy. Charles was forced
out and Louis-Philippe was placed on the
throne.
• After 18 years the people of France get tired
of Louis-Philippe oust him and draw up a
moderate constitution
yeah, we are still talking about
France…
• In December 1848, the nephew of
Napoleon, Louis-Napoleon won a
presidential election.
• Four years later Napoleon took the title
Emperor Napoleon III. The majority of
French accepted it without incident.
– WHAT????? Aren’t we back where we
started?
NAPOLEON
III
Emperor?
LOUIS
PHILLIPE
LOUIS XVI
Absolute
authority
Was France
back where it
started?
LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY
MAXIMILIEN
ROBESPIERRE
CHARLES X
LOUIS XVIII
NAPOLEON
Russia
• Not industrialized yet; still under the feudal
system; nobles enjoyed almost unlimited
power— Serfdom: morally wrong?
• Russia went to war with the Ottomans in
what became known as the Crimean War.
Russia lost the war primarily because of
adequate supplies
• When Alexander II (Romanov) takes over he
attempts to modernize Russia
Russia continued…
• Alexander ruled over various ethnic groups,
each with its own culture
• Determined to maintain control Alexander
instituted a policy of Russification (forcing
Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the
empire)
– The policy backfired, ethnic nationalistic feelings
were actually strengthened
Italy
• Camillo di Cavour used skillful diplomacy (the art
and practice of conducting negotiations between
nations) to remove Austria from Italy. After getting
Napoleon III to agree Cavour provoked a war with
Austria. The combined force proved to be too much
for Austria.
• At the same time Cavour was helping Italian
nationalist under Giuseppe Garibaldi. Garibaldi
started in Sicily and worked his way up the Italian
peninsula driving out the French
Italy continued…
• Garibaldi agreed to
unite the southern
areas he had
conquered with eth
kingdom ruled by
Victor Emanuel II
and his prime
minister Camillo di
Cavour
Germany
• In 1815, 39 German states formed a loose
grouping called the German Confederation
• Austria dominated the confederation but
Prussia, dominated by one ethnic group,
wanted to unify all of the German areas
• In 1861, King Wilhelm I takes the throne in
Prussia
• Eager to expand Prussia’s army Wilhelm gets
the support of the Junkers, a conservative
element within Prussia’s parliament
Prussia continued…
• Wilhelm chooses Otto von Bismarck as his
prime minister
• Bismarck implements a program known as
REALPOLITIK (the politics of reality—touch
power politics)
– Prussia allies with Austria to gain territory
from Denmark
– Once territory was gained Prussia turned
on Austria after which Prussia will control
the confederation
Who are these people?
Germany…
• By 1867, a few southern German, Catholic
states remained independent (they were
fearful of being ruled by a Protestant Prussia)
• Bismarck believed he could win their support
if they faced a threat from the outside
• Bismarck created an “incident” and went to
war with France—utilized Blitzkrieg
• The Franco-Prussia was final stage in German
unification
Aftermath…
• In 1871, King Wilhelm
I of Prussia was
crowned Kaiser
(emperor)
• Germans called their
empire the Second
Reich (The Holy
Roman Empire was
the first)
Austria
• The Austria Empire was also vast with
regards to ethnic diversity
• In 1866 Prussia defeat of Austria and claim
control of the North German Confederationeventually becoming Germany causes Austria
to re-evaluate its influence in European
politics
• Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire but
still claimed himself as ruler of both
• The empire was then referred to as AustriaHungary
The Five Great Powers…
• Britain
• France
• Russia
• Germany
• Austria