Transcript Chapter 14 The Second Industrial Revolution

Chapter 14
The Second Industrial Revolution
SECTION 1
Industry & Railroads
SECTION 2
The Rise of Big Business
SECTION 3
Workers Organize
SECTION 4
The Age of Invention
Summary
The growth of the railroad industry fueled the Second Industrial Revolution,
making America the world’s manufacturing leader. Demand for rails & railroad
cars spurred expansion in coal mining & steel manufacturing. Improved
communications & transportation connected distant markets – across the
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nation & the world.
Industry & Railroads (14.1)
The Main Idea
During the late 1800s, new technology led to rapid industrial
growth and the expansion of railroads.
Reading Focus
• What new industries emerged in the late 1800s, and why were
they important?
• Why did railroads expand, and what changes resulted?
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I. New Industries Emerge
a. New technologies
i.
Electrical power replaced steam and water power.
ii. Larger factories produced more and more goods.
iii. Faster transportation moved people and goods more
cheaply.
b. Dramatic industrial growth
i.
Period sometimes called the Second Industrial
Revolution
Objective: Evaluate what new industries emerged in the late 1800s & why they were
important
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I. New Industries Emerge
c.
i.
Making steel
The Bessemer process of
purifying steel helped to make
America the world’s top
producer and transformed the
U.S. into a modern industrial
economy.
ii.
Construction companies could
build bigger bridges and taller
buildings.
iii.
The low cost of steel made
ordinary items affordable.
d.
Oil industry begins
i.
Oil was a key commodity as a
fuel source and for lubrication.
ii.
Edwin L. Drake drilled the first
commercial oil well. Oil
prospectors, or Wildcatters,
looked for oil in other regions.
iii.
Major sources of energy from
oil fueled a revolution in
transportation and industry.
Objective: Evaluate what new industries emerged in the late 1800s & why they were
important
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II. Railroads Expand
i.
a. More
tracks
Between 1865 and 1890, the number of miles of
railroad track increased nearly fivefold.
ii. Aiding the growth, the federal government gave
thousands of acres of land to railroad companies.
Objective: Describe why railroads expanded & what changes resulted.
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II. Railroads Expand
i.
b. Union Pacific
Laid tracks westward from Omaha, Nebraska
ii. Prairie lands and gently rolling hills made for
quick progress.
Objective: Describe why railroads expanded & what changes resulted.
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II. Railroads Expand
i.
c. Central
Pacific
Tracks were laid eastward from Sacramento,
California.
ii. Chinese workers laid tracks through tougher
terrain, crossing deserts and blasting through
mountains.
iii. Uniting the country physically and economically,
the two rail lines met on May 18, 1869.
Objective: Describe why railroads expanded & what changes resulted.
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II. Railroads Expand
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II. Railroads Expand
d. Creation of rail network promoted trade and provided
jobs.
i. Demand for rails and railcars boosted steel industry
and train manufacturers.
e. Settlement of the West was easier, and sparsely
populated areas began to fill with residents.
i. With railroads, new towns were founded and
existing ones expanded.
Objective: Describe why railroads expanded & what changes resulted.
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II. Railroads Expand
f.
Railroads led to the adoption of standard time.
i. Before, each area had its own local time based on
the position of the sun.
ii. Accurate timekeeping was needed for the trains to
keep to their schedule.
iii. C. F. Dowd proposed dividing the earth into time
zones, setting the clocks alike in each zone.
iv. Railroad officials used this idea in 1883, and by
1918 standard time was adopted for the nation as a
whole.
Objective: Describe why railroads expanded & what changes resulted.
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II. Railroads Expand
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II. Railroads Expand
New Processes
STEEL
OIL
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The Rise of Big Business (14.2)
The Main Idea
Corporations run by powerful business leaders became a
dominant force in the American economy.
Reading Focus
• What conditions created a favorable climate for business during
the late 1800s?
• How did business structures change?
• Who were the leading industrial tycoons, and what did they
achieve?
• How did mass marketing change the way goods were sold?
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I. A Favorable Climate for Business
a. The American ideal was one of self-reliant individualism.
i.
A strong work ethic made one successful, and
entrepreneurs risked their money and talents in new
ventures.
Objective: Formulate what conditions created a favorable climate for business during the
late 1800s
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I. A Favorable Climate for Business
b.
Free markets
i.
With capitalism, competition
determines prices and wages, and
most industries are run by private
businesses.
ii.
In the 1800s, business leaders
believed in laissez-faire capitalism
with no government intervention.
iii. They believed government
regulation would destroy selfreliance, reduce profits, and harm
the economy.
Objective: Formulate what conditions created a favorable climate for business during the
late 1800s
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I. A Favorable Climate for Business
c.
Social Darwinism
i.
Many thinkers believed that
inequalities were part of the
natural order.
ii.
Charles Darwin believed that
members of a species complete for
survival in a natural selection
process.
iii. Applied to society, stronger people,
businesses, and nations would
prosper, and weaker ones would
fail in a “survival of the fittest.”
Objective: Formulate what conditions created a favorable climate for business during the
late 1800s
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II. Business Structures Change
a. Proprietorships and partnerships
i.
Small businesses were run by individual proprietors or had more than one owner in a
partnership.
ii.
In either case, owners are personally responsible for all business debts and obligations.
b. Corporations
i.
As industries grew, the structure of ownership changed.
ii.
Businesses were owned by stockholders; decisions made by a board of directors, with
day-to-day operations run by corporate officers.
iii.
Investment money was raised by selling stock, and investors were bound only by the
amount of their investment.
Objective: Describe how business structures changed
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II. Business Structures Change
c. Trusts and Monopolies
i.
Some companies merged and turned their stocks over to a board of trustees who ran
the group of companies as a single entity.
ii.
Sometimes a trust gained a monopoly, having complete control of an industry.
iii.
With no competition, prices could be raised or lowered at will.
Objective: Describe how business structures changed
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III. Industrial Tycoons
a.
Rockefeller and oil
i.
Starting with an oil refinery and superb
business sense, John D. Rockefeller used both
vertical and horizontal integration to
capture 90 percent of the U.S. oil refinery
business by 1879.
ii. Rockefeller gave away over half of his fortune
to charity.
iii. He donated millions to education and good
works through his Rockefeller Foundation.
Objective: Describe who were the leading industrial tycoons, & what did they achieve?
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III. Industrial Tycoons
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III. Industrial Tycoons
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III. Industrial Tycoons
b.
Carnegie and steel
i.
Andrew Carnegie rose from immigrant child to
steel magnate.
ii. He used profits from various business
investments to found his own company.
iii. By the end of the century the Carnegie Steel
Company dominated the U.S. steel industry.
iv. After retiring, Carnegie devoted his time to
charity, supporting education and building
public libraries.
Objective: Describe who were the leading industrial tycoons, & what did they achieve?
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III. Industrial Tycoons
c.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
i.
Vanderbilt began investing in railroads during
the Civil War.
ii. By 1872, he owned the New York Central
Railroad.
iii. At the height of his career he controlled 4,500
miles of track.
iv. He supported few charities, but gave money to
what would come to be Vanderbilt University.
v. He died leaving an estate of $100 million.
Objective: Describe who were the leading industrial tycoons, & what did they achieve?
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III. Industrial Tycoons
d.
George Pullman
i.
George Pullman made his fortune designing and
building sleeper cars that made long-distance
travel more comfortable.
ii. He built a town south of Chicago to house
workers in relative comfort, believing happy
workers were more productive.
iii. The Pullman Company controlled aspects of life
in the town, and criticism was not tolerated.
Objective: Describe who were the leading industrial tycoons, & what did they achieve?
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III. Industrial Tycoons
e. Critics
i.
Business tycoons were “robber barons” who profited
unfairly by squeezing out competitors.
ii. They lived lavish lifestyles from their ill-gotten rewards.
f. Proponents
i.
Business tycoons were “captains of industry” who used
their business skills to make the American economy more
productive.
ii. That in turn made the American economy stronger.
Objective: Describe who were the leading industrial tycoons, & what did they achieve?
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IV. Mass Market
a.
Retailers looked for new ways to maximize their
profits.
b. Household goods were targeted toward women, who
made most of those purchasing decisions.
i. Wholesome images were used to convey a sense of
purity.
ii. Brand names helped customers remember products.
iii. The convenient department store emerged,
providing a variety of goods.
iv. The stores bought in bulk, passing the savings on to
the customers.
Objective: Explain how mass marketing changed the way goods were sold
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IV. Mass Market
c. Mail-order companies gave rural dwellers access to a
huge variety of goods.
i. The Sears, Roebuck and Company catalog was 507
pages.
ii. Customers made their selections, sent in the
payments, and waited for the merchandise to arrive.
Objective: Explain how mass marketing changed the way goods were sold
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Workers Organize (14.3)
The Main Idea
Grim working conditions in many industries led workers to
form unions and stage labor strikes.
Reading Focus
• What was the relationship between government and business in
the late 1800s?
• What were working conditions like for industrial workers?
• How did workers seek change?
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I. Government & Business
a. Hands-off policy
i.
Government did not interfere with business in the late 1800s, but as
corporations expanded and gained power, that policy began to change.
b. Controlling the giants
i.
The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890, making it illegal to form trusts
that interfered with free trade.
ii.
It prohibited monopolies and activities hindering competition.
iii. The law was vague, however, and it was seldom enforced.
Objective: Compare & Contrast the relationship between government & business in the late
1800s
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I. Government & Business
c. Workers
i.
The government paid less attention to workers, who scraped by on small
wages.
ii.
By 1890, 10 percent of the population controlled 75 percent of the nation’s
wealth.
iii. The rich were very rich, and many industrial workers made less than $500 per
year.
Objective: Compare & Contrast the relationship between government & business in the late
1800s
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II. Industrial Workers
a.
The workforce
i.
Many factory workers were
immigrants or rural Americans
moving to the cities for jobs.
ii.
The best jobs went to nativeborn whites or European
immigrants.
iii.
Less well-paying jobs were
open to African Americans, as
household help or laborers.
iv.
By 1900, one in six children
between the ages of 10 and 15
held factory jobs.
Objective: Describe what working conditions were like for industrial workers
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II. Industrial Workers
b.
Working conditions
i.
Most unskilled laborers
worked 10-hour days, six days
a week.
ii.
They had no paid vacation and
no sick leave.
iii.
Speed of production led to
terrible accidents. Injured
workers were replaced.
iv.
Sweatshops were common.
These cramped workshops set
up in shabby tenement
buildings were common in the
garment industry.
Objective: Describe what working conditions were like for industrial workers
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III. Workers Seek Change
a.
Early organizing
i.
In 1794, Philadelphia shoemakers formed a
trade union.
ii. Over decades, unions formed for skilled trade
workers, but they remained small and local.
Objective: Describe how workers sought changes
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III. Workers Seek Change
b.
Nation Unions
i.
After the Civil War, things changed.
ii. The Knights of Labor formed in 1869.
iii. Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly
in the 1880s, they began to accept unskilled
workers, women, and African Americans as
members.
iv. They campaigned for reforms, such as eighthour workdays and the end of child labor
through boycotts and negotiations.
Objective: Describe how workers sought changes
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III. Workers Seek Change
c.
The Great Railroad Strike
i.
After wage cuts, the first railroad strike
occurred in 1877.
ii. Initial strikes quickly spread, and state militias
were called out.
iii. Violence ensued, lives were lost, and costly
damage was done.
iv. The arrival of U.S. Army troops put an end to
the strike.
Objective: Describe how workers sought changes
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III. Workers Seek Change
d.
The Haymarket Riot
i.
1886 was a difficult year for labor.
ii.
One of the worst clashes was at
Haymarket Square in Chicago.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
e.
Labor
The American Federation of
i.
A bomb was thrown in a crowd
gathered to protest violent police
action.
Employers struck back at organized
labor, forcing employees to sign
documents saying they would not join a
union.
ii.
Gunshots rang out, and eleven people
were killed and hundreds injured
before it was over.
Blacklists of people deemed
troublemakers were made and shared
by employers, who refused to hire
anyone listed.
iii.
Foreign-born unionists were blamed for
the violence, and the press fanned
xenophobia.
Striking workers were replaced with
“scabs,” or strikebreakers.
iv.
Eight men were charged with
conspiracy, but no evidence connected
them to the crime.
Samuel Gompers led a group of skilled
workers to form the American
Federation of Labor in 1886.
v.
Using strikes and other tactics, the AFL
did win wage increases and shorter
workweeks.
vii. All eight were convicted and sentenced
to death. After four hangings and one
suicide, the last three were pardoned.
Objective: Describe how workers sought changes
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III. Workers Seek Change
f.
i.
The Homestead Strike
Unions made some gains, but conflicts continued.
ii. Carnegie Steel workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania, refused
to work faster, and the manager tried to lock them out.
iii. The workers seized the plant.
iv. Gunfire erupted when private guards hired by the company
tried to take control.
v. After a 14-hour battle and fourteen deaths, the governor
called out the state militia.
vi. The steelworkers’ union withered within months.
Objective: Describe how workers sought changes
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III. Workers Seek Change
g.
i.
The Pullman Strike
After laying off a third of its employees in 1893, the
Pullman Company cut the wages of remaining workers by
25 percent without lowering their rents.
ii. Workers went on strike with the support of Eugene V.
Debs, the leader of the American Railway Union.
iii. The government ordered the strike be called off, but the
union refused.
iv. President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops, and
the strike collapsed.
v. The late 1800s would remain an era of big business.
Objective: Describe how workers sought changes
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The Age of Invention (14.4)
The Main Idea
Important innovations in transportation and communication
occurred during the Second Industrial Revolution.
Reading Focus
• What advances in transportation were made in the late 1800s?
• What inventions led to a communications revolution?
• How did Thomas Edison help shape the modern world?
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I. Advances In Transportation
a. Streetcars
i.
Were horse-drawn vehicles placed on rails on the street to
make the ride smoother.
ii. Streetcars needed more power than horses could
provide, and cable cars were invented in San Francisco to
get cars up the steep hills there.
iii. The cars latched on to a moving cable underground.
Objective: Summarize what advances in transportation were made in the late 1800s
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I. Advances In Transportation
b. Subways
i.
Developed as a result of increased traffic from horses and
electric streetcars competing for space.
ii. Boston built the first subway line in 1897, with New York
City following in 1904.
Objective: Summarize what advances in transportation were made in the late 1800s
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I. Advances In Transportation
c. Automobiles
i.
inventors were experimenting with vehicles for personal
use as well.
ii. A breakthrough came with the invention of the internal
combustion engine in 1867.
iii. The first practical motorcar in the U.S. was built in 1893.
iv. Automobiles were only for the wealthy; a new car cost
about $2,500.
Objective: Summarize what advances in transportation were made in the late 1800s
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I. Advances In Transportation
d. Airplanes
i.
Ohio bicycle makers Wilbur and Orville Wright were the
first to successfully fly an airplane–for 12 seconds in
1903.
ii. They followed this success with even longer flights.
Objective: Summarize what advances in transportation were made in the late 1800s
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II. Communications Revolution
a.
i.
ii.
The telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse patented his
method of communicating by
sending messages over wires with
electricity, calling it the telegraph.
Operators tapped out patterns of
long and short messages that
stood for letters of the alphabet.
The system was known as Morse
code.
iii. After the Civil War, the telegraph
grew with the railroads.
iv. Telegraph wires were strung along
the tracks, and train stations had
telegraph offices in them.
b.
i.
The telephone
Two men were working on devices
that could transmit voices using
electricity.
ii. Alexander Graham Bell patented
his device hours before his
competitor, and he gets the credit
for the invention of the telephone
in 1876.
iii. Companies found the telephone to
be an essential business tool.
People wanted to have them in
their homes as well.
iv. By 1900, more than a million
telephones had been installed
across the nation.
Objective: Explain what inventions led to a communications revolution
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II. Communications Revolution
c.
Inventors in many nations made attempts to create
a writing machine.
d. Christopher Latham Sholes, a Milwaukee printer,
developed the first practical typewriter in 1867.
i. He later improved upon his machine by designing
the QWERTY keyboard, still the standard on
keyboards today.
ii. The most frequently used letters were placed far
apart so they would not jam when they were struck.
Objective: Explain what inventions led to a communications revolution
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II. Communications Revolution
e. The typewriter could produce legible documents very
quickly.
i. Businesses began to hire women as typists to
manage company correspondence, opening up new
job opportunities for women.
Objective: Explain what inventions led to a communications revolution
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III. Thomas Edison
a. Obsessed with progress
i.
As a child, Thomas
Edison was curious
about everything.
ii. Nearly deaf by
twelve, he declared
himself an inventor
by age twenty-two.
iii. In 1886, he opened
his own research
laboratory in Menlo
Park, N.J.
Objective: Describe how Thomas Edison helped shape the modern world
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III. Thomas Edison
b.Hard work
i.
Edison said, “Genius is 1 percent inspiration, 99 percent perspiration.”
ii.
He worked alongside his assistants and spent long hours tinkering
with designs.
iii.
Inventions poured out of the lab, and Edison became known as the
Wizard of Menlo Park.
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III. Thomas Edison
c. Electric lighting
i.
Edison developed the practical electric lighting.
ii.
With the incandescent bulb came the need for widely available
electricity.
iii.
Edison would bring electricity to New York City, designing and
producing all of the parts necessary for an electricity network.
iv.
Electric power plants spread across the country.
v.
Over his lifetime, Edison earned over 1,000 U.S. patents.
Objective: Describe how Thomas Edison helped shape the modern world
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