Transcript M&Ms Extended

Scientific thoughts and processes
“I can” statement
 I can use my senses to make observations about things
in nature.
 I can identify and clarify biological research questions
and design experiments.
Vocab
 Hypothesis- a possible explanation that can be tested
by experimentation and observation.
 In simpler terms a hypothesis is an educated guess.
 Observation- The act of noting or perceiving objects
or events by using the senses.
 What we did with the objects in the paper bag.
 Experiment- a procedure that is carried out under
controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.
More vocab
 Theory- a system of ideas that explains many related
observations and is supported by a large body of
evidence acquired through scientific investigation.
 A highly tested generally accepted principle that
explains a vast number of observations and
experimental data.
 Law- are simple and obvious statements about a
phenomenon that never require a second guess, or an
experiment, to verify them.
 Example: What goes up must come down.
Vocab Cont.
 Control Group- serves as a standard of comparison
because the group receives no experimental treatment.
 Experimental Group- Experimental groups are
identical to the control group except for one factor, or
variable.
 Independent Variable- the single factor that
scientists change in an experiment.
 Ex: your mom or dad.
 Dependent Variable- the variable that may change
due to the changes in the independent variable.
Practice
 •If a scientist conducts an experiment
to test the theory that a vitamin could
extend a person’s life-expectancy, then
the independent variable is
____________________, and the
dependent variable is
______________________.
 Independent Variable - the amount of vitamin that is
given to the subjects within the experiment.
 Dependent Variable - or the variable being affected
by the independent variable in this case, is life span
More Practice.
 A scientist studies the impact of a drug on cancer.
 What is the dependent variable?
 Independent variable?
 Independent variable - is the administration of the
drug.
 Dependent variable - is the impact the drug has on
cancer.
Practice Cont.
 A scientist studies the impact of
withholding affection on rats.
 Independent variable?
 Dependent variable?
 Independent Variable - is the affection.
 Dependent Variable - is the reaction of the rats.
More Practice.
 •A scientist studies how many days people can eat soup
until they get sick.
 Independent variable?
 Dependent variable?
 Independent Variable - is the number of days of
consuming soup.
 Dependent Variable - is the onset of illness.
Bell Ringer
 What is a hypothesis?
 What is the difference between a theory and a law?
 Explain the difference between an independent and
dependent variable.
Learning Target
 I can interpret results and draw conclusions.
Graphing
 What goes on the X-axis and what goes on the Y-axis?
 X- Axis: Independent Variable
 Y- Axis: Dependent Variable

Example: if you are looking at the growth of bacteria under
various temperatures, the X-axis would identify the
temperatures, while the Y-axis would provide you with the
information on growth
Y-Axis
X-Axis
What can we do with data?
 When scientist work with data, many times they make
predictions based on this data
 There are two ways they do this
 Extrapolation
 Intrapolation
Extrapolation…
 Extending the graph.
Along the same slope,
above or below the
measured data
 Mathematically
predicting a trend or
number outside the
data set
Intrapolation…
 Predicting data
between two measured
points on the graph
 Mathematically
predicting a trend or
number inside the data
set
 The bar graph at right
represents the declared
majors of freshman
enrolling at a university.
 If the enrollment doubles,
predict the number of
freshman that will most
likely take chemistry
 If the enrollments is
reduced by 1/2, how will
this affect the number of
freshman taking poly sci?
 What is the CO2
concentration in 1975?
 What was the CO2
concentration in 1955?
Bell Ringer…
Two students each design their own investigation to determine whether
resting or exercising beforehand allows a person to squeeze a clothespin
more times over a certain period of time.
Student A squeezes the clothespin as many times as he can as he is
sitting quietly for two minutes. In a second trial he runs in place for two
minutes and then squeezes the clothespin as many times as possible.
Student B uses the same procedure as student A. She also asks that the
other 25 students in her class carry out the same procedure and she
records their data. She then calculates the average number of times that
the clothespin had been squeezed without exercise and with exercise
before.
a. State one reason why student B’s investigation will give more reliable
results than student A’s.
b. Student B states that exercising before the second trial will always
have the same effect on this type of muscular activity. Explain why
the statement made by student B could be questioned.
Learning Target
 I can revise a hypothesis and/or formulate additional
questions or explanations.
M&Ms Lab
 Purpose:
 To closely predict the number of M&Ms in a regular size bag
based on data collected from a fun size bag of M&MS
 Hypothesis:
 IF….. Then…
 Procedure:
 How you made your prediction – what was your thinking
 Prediction: ______
 Results
 Actual Number in bag
 Conclusion:
 Can you use a set of known data to make reasonable
predictions? Explain your answer
Red
 Red: If your fingers tend to gravitate toward the bright
red candies in the bowl, this implies that you're
confident, bold, and passionate. Red is probably the
most popular M&M color choice, but you don't care. If
you want red, you'll take red. Let the next person who
comes by seeking candy settle for their second favorite.
You were there first, and you deserve the best.
Blue
 Blue: People who prefer blue M&Ms are trendsetters.
You like being on the cutting edge of things. Many of
the traditionalists did not feel the need to add blue to
the preexisting M&M color choices, but you were all
for it, because you live for excitement and the
unknown possibilities life has to offer.
Orange
 Orange: You don't play by any rules, do you? Orange
enthusiasts are wild, carefree, and march to the beat of
their own drum. You won't often meet someone who
prefers orange, but when you do, you better prepare
yourself, because it's going to be interesting!
Yellow
 Yellow: What is wrong with you? Yellow M&Ms are not
only unnatural, but unattractive. Yellow is the least
popular M&M color. People who prefer yellow M&Ms
tend to go against the grain.
Brown
 Brown: The traditionalist. Chocolate is naturally
brown, and therefore you reason that the brown
M&Ms provide the most naturally occurring color
choice. You like things to be as they should. A place for
everything and everything in its place, is your motto.
You might have a tendency to towards a little
obsessive-compulsiveness, but that's okay. Not
everyone has to be cool.
Green
 Green: People who like green M&Ms also love the
Earth. They love nature and being outside and are
conscious about making the Earth a better place. You
guys are the worlds nature lovers.
Bell Ringer
**FREE WRITE FRIDAY**
 Who or what inspires you?
 You have 10 minutes to complete this assignment, your
answer should be detailed and developed.
Learning Target
 I can safely use laboratory equipment and techniques
when conducting scientific investigations.
2 types of microscopes
 Many organisms are to small to see with the naked eye
so we use a microscope to enlarge them.
 The light microscope- light passes through one or
more lenses to produce an enlarged image of an object.
 The electron microscope- uses a beam of electrons to
magnify extremely small objects.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fToTFjwUc5M
Electron Microscope
Light Microscope
Parts of a Microscope
Magnification
 Objective lenses increase the resolution of an object in
powers of 10.
 4x lense will magnify an object 40 times the size of its
original.
 10x objective lense will magnify an object 100 times its
original size.
 40x objective lense will magnify an object 400 times its
original size.
Bell Ringer
 What are the 2 types of microscopes and how are they
different?
 Magnification
 4x=
 10x=
 40x=
The Sterile Technique
 This is a way that scientists keep unwanted bacteria
out of the lab to eliminate contamination.
 Tools used in this technique are….



An autoclave- to sterilize equipment
Sterilized dishes and pipets
Latex gloves
Lab Safety
Listen Carefully to your
goggles, and any other
teacher and follow all
safety equipment when
instructions.
working in the lab.
2. Read/listen to your lab 5. Measure chemicals
procedure carefully
precisely.
before beginning the
6. Never taste or smell any
lab.
materials or chemicals
3. DO NOT take any
that you use in a lab
shortcuts in your lab
unless your teacher
procedure.
instructs you to do so.
4. Always wear your safety
1.
Lab Safety Cont…
7. Do not use any damaged
or defective equipment.
12.
8. Keep your lab area clean
and free from clutter.
9. 9. Pay attention to
where you are walking.
10. Do not wear loose
clothing.
11. If you have long hair
make sure that it is
pulled back.
NO flip flops, only
tennis shoes or rubber
soled shoes.
Si Units
 SI Units- is the international system of units which is
used by all scientists because scientists need to share a
common measurement system.
English Metric (or SI)
 Length Meter
 Mass Gram
 Volume liter
 Fahrenheit Celsius
Bell Ringer
 What is the mean of this group of data
 10, 12, 25, 15
 List 5 safety rules that should be practiced in
laboratory.
 Why is the sterile technique so important?
Review
 In your book you will complete the end of the chapter
reviews in your notebook.
 They begin on page 9.
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Section 1  complete 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Section 2  complete 1, 2,3, 5
Section 3  complete 1, 2, 3, 5.
 THIS WILL BE TURNED IN AT THE END OF CLASS!