Transcript Plagiarism and Citations

© 2008 Martha J. Bianco
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
Plagiarism and Citations
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
© 2006-2008
What is Plagiarism?
 using someone else’s words as if they were your own?
 Yes!
 using someone else’s ideas as if they were your own?
 Yes!
 paraphrasing someone else’s words, ideas, phrases,
grammatical structure as if they were your own?
 Yes!
 copying or closely copying another student’s work as
“collaboration”?
 Yes!
 turning in a paper that closely resembles another
student’s, as long as you and the other student worked
together on the paper with the professor’s permission?
 Yes!
It’s Wrong
It’s Illegal
You Could Fail . . .
You Could Be Expelled.
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
How to Avoid Plagiarism
 For note taking:
 Take word-for-word notes from source material
 Use quotation marks & record all required information.
 For summarizing:
 Write summaries from your word-for-word quoted notes.
 Write complete sentences
 Use your own words (paraphrasing)
 Always with “author tags”
 Include direct quotes in a summary only when absolutely
necessary
 Remember citation info (page number, etc.)
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Example note from source material:
“Technology has significantly transformed education at several
major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the
first technology was the primitive modes of communication used
by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language.
Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a
stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate.
Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach
their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid,
which vegetation was good to eat and which was poisonous.”
From:
Frick, Theodore W. Restructuring Education Through Technology.
Bloomington: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1991, p. 10.
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
How to Avoid Plagiarism
For all Books and Articles
 Always record all pertinent citation info:
 Author(s) and/or editor(s)
 Title and subtitles
 Year of publication
 Page number of quotation
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
© 2006-2008
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Books:
 Edition (if other than first)
 City where published
 Publisher name
 If a chapter or subsection of a book,
 Author of chapter
 Page ranges of chapter
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Articles:
 Title of article
 Name of journal
 Volume number
 Issue number
 Page number range
Year of publication
Copyright © 1993 by Elliot Liebow
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the Publisher.
Publisher
The Free Press
A Division of Macmillan, Inc.
866 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022
Maxwell Macmillan Canada, Inc.
1200 Elginton Avenue East
Suite 200
Don Mills, Ontario M3C 3N1
City of publication
Macmillan, Inc. is part of the Maxwell Communication
Group of Companies
Printed in the United States of America
printing number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Author’s name
Title of book
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Liebow, Elliot.
Tell them who I am: the lives of homeless women / Elliot
Liebow.
ISBN number
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-919097-9
1. Homeless women—Washington (D.C.) Region—Case
studies.
2.
Shelters for the homeless—Washington (D.C.)
Region—Case studies.
3. Homelessness—Washington (D.C.)
Region—Case studies.
1. Title.
HV4506.W2L4 1993
362.82’08’6942—dc20
Subject key words
Liebow, Elliot. Tell Them Who I Am: The Lives of Homeless Women. New York: The Free Press, 1993.
92-39453
CIP
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
How to Avoid Plagiarism
 Quote any words that come from another source
 Provide the appropriate citation information
 Author
 Page number
Prehistoric people used “mime, gestures, grunts, and
drawing of figures in the sand” (Frick 10).
Frick explains that prehistoric people used “mime,
gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand”
(10).
© 2008 Martha J. Bianco, Ph.D.
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Paraphrasing Pitfalls . . .
Unless summarizing, avoid paraphrasing altogether.
 If the original author’s words are important
enough for you to use even in paraphrased form,
then just quote them directly.
Otherwise, you have “paraphrasing plagiarism.”
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
How to Avoid Plagiarism
 Even if . . .
 you change around the words, and
 try to “put the original author’s words into your own
words,”
you are still using the author’s ideas and words:
They do not belong to you!
 Even adding a citation does not correct the offense!
 You still have committed the offense of
“paraphrasing plagiarism”
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
So Why Use Sources at All?
 Sources provide credibility.
 Rarely do college professors want your unsubstantiated opinion or
belief.
 We want you to think critically about what scholars – experts in a
field – report, theorize, and suggest.
 Do their ideas make sense to you?
 Do you agree with them?
 Have you come across opposing viewpoints?
 If you disagree with a proposition, can you find compelling
academic (empirical) evidence to the contrary?
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
So Why Use Sources at All?
Until and unless you are an expert in a field, you must
provide the sources of your information, theories, and
arguments, unless you actually set forth an idea or
theory that is genuinely your own.
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
So Why Use Sources at All?
Exceptions include “common knowledge facts”
George Washington was the first American president
America is a representative democracy
The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776.
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
Why A Specific, Detailed Style?
Numerous accepted citation methods
MLA, APA, Chicago, and more
Different disciplines require different methods
Different professors require different styles
Different publishers require different styles
Different funding institutions require different styles
Government agencies require different styles
That’s just the way it is . . .
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
Why A Specific, Detailed Style?
Task is not so much how to master a specific style, but to
understand WHY.
What are the goals and purposes of citation?
What are the common elements of all citations?
Why is attention to detail so important?
What does a careful, correct, and accurate citation and
Works Cited list tell the reader about the writer?
Or: What does a careless, sloppy, inconsistent, incorrect,
and incomplete Works Cites list tell the reader?
What message do YOU want to send?
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
Plagiarism and Citations
The material on the following slides adapts or uses in whole material from:
“Examples—Paraphrasing Plagiarism: How to Recognize Plagiarism.” School of Education.
Indiana University
at Bloomington. 21 Jun. 2005
<http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eistd/example1paraphrasing.html>.
“Examples—Word for Word Plagiarism: How to Recognize Plagiarism.” School of Education.
Indiana
University at Bloomington. 21 Jun. 2005
<http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eistd/examples.html>.
“Overview: How to Recognize Plagiarism.” School of Education. Indiana University at
Bloomington. 21 Jun. 2005 <http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eistd/overview.html>.
© 2006-2008
Dr. Martha J. Bianco
Plagiarism and Citations
A Simple Decision Tree
Definitions & Examples
 Word-for-Word Plagiarism
 Direct quote without quotation marks or block quote
 Same words or phrases
 Could be just one or two words
Definitions & Examples
 Paraphrasing Plagiarism
 Paraphrasing = condensing another author's work
 Paraphrasing = putting original “into your own words”
 A paraphrased example must be cited.
 Treat same as a word-for-word quote.
Original Source Material:
Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning
points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive
modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of
spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with
a stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate. Even without
speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch
animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetation was good to eat and
which was poisonous.
Frick, Theodore W. Restructuring Education Through Technology. Bloomington:
Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1991.
Original: Technology has significantly transformed education at several major
turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the
primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development
of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a
stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate. Even without
speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals
for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetation was good to eat and which was
poisonous.
In examining technology, we have to
remember that computers are not the
first technology people have had to
deal with. The first technology was the
primitive modes of communication used
by prehistoric people before the
development of spoken language.
Plagiarized!
Explanation: This example of student written work is
plagiarized. The student copied, word-for-word, text from
the original source material. No credit was given to the
author of the text and quotation marks were not used. Also,
the student didn't provide a page reference.
Corrected
Explanation: Here the passage begins with the author. The
writer uses quotation marks to indicate that this passage is a
word-for-word citation. Square brackets and ellipses indicate
missing words. The writer provides a properly punctuated
parenthetical page number citation.
In examining technology, we have to
remember that computers are not the
first technology people have had to
deal with. Frick believes that “[. . .]
the first technology was the primitive
modes of communication used by
prehistoric people before the
development of spoken language" (10).
Original: Technology has significantly transformed education at several major
turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the
primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development
of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a
stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate. Even without
speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals
for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetation was good to eat and which was
poisonous.
When we consider technology, we should
remember that computers are not the
first technological tool in human
history. Early forms of communication
included gestures, mimicking, and stick
figures. These modes, while primitive,
were both forms of communication and
education.
Plagiarized!
Explanation: This is an example of paraphrasing
plagiarism. Although there is very little word-for-word
copying, the paraphrasing is too close to the original. No
credit was given to the author of the text and quotation
marks were not used. Also, the student didn't provide a
page reference.
Corrected
Explanation: Here the writer names the original author and then
retains, rather than paraphrases, most of the original quote –
indicating changes and deletions with square brackets. The writer
provides the specific page number on which the quoted material
appears. Because the final sentence is also not the writer’s own
original idea, a parenthetical citation is again provided.
When we consider technology, we should
remember that computers are not the
first technological tool in human
history. As Fricke notes, early forms
of communication included “[m]ime,
gestures, grunts, and [stick] drawing
[. . .]” (17). These modes, while
primitive, were both forms of
communication and education (Fricke).
Original Source Material:
The concept of systems is really quite simple. The basic
idea is that a system has parts that fit together to make a
whole; but where it gets complicated -- and interesting -- is
how those parts are connected or related to each other.
Frick, Theodore W. Restructuring Education Through
Technology. Bloomington: Phi Delta Kappa Educational
Foundation, 1991.
Original: The concept of systems is really quite simple. The
basic idea is that a system has parts that fit together to make a
whole; but where it gets complicated -- and interesting -- is how
those parts are connected or related to each other.
.
A system has parts that fit together to
make a whole, but the important aspect of
systems is how those parts are connected or
related to each other (Frick 10).
Plagiarized!
Explanation: This example of student written work is
plagiarized. Although the author is cited at the end of the
paragraph, the student copied word-for-word from the
original source material and did not use quotation marks.
Corrected
Explanation: Here the writer puts the word-for-word quoted
material within quotation marks, using square brackets and
ellipses where there is an interruption in the quote. The
author’s name and page number appear as a parenthetical at
the end.
“A system has parts that fit together to
make a whole [. . .]” but the important
aspect of systems “[. . .] is how those
parts are connected or related to each
other” (Frick 17).