Transcript No Slide Title

Module 29 & 30
Intelligence
gp(8)
1
Psychometric Approach: Measurement (metric)
of Individual differences in behaviors and
abilities.
gp(8)
2
Is Intelligence one Ability or several?
Spearman’s General Ability Theory
Performance depends on general ability (g) and also
on specific abilities (s).
- g for “general ability”
- s for “specific abilities”.
gp(8)
3
Thurstone argues that intelligence consists
of seven “primary mental abilities,” each a
relatively independent.
Despite Thurstone’s findings that there are
clusters of abilities, studies find that the seven
abilities are positively correlated.
Ability in one area tends to be predictive of
abilities in other areas! Perhaps there is g!
gp(8)
5
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences.
Different ways of being Intelligent
- Language
- Music
- Logic and Mathematics
- Spatial reasoning
- Body movement
- self-control and self understanding
-sensitivity to other people
- ecological
gp(8)
6
Savant Syndrome
Describes a rare phenomenon in which a
person with a severe mental handicap displays
genius-like ability in a narrow field or area.
The most common forms
involve mathematical
calculations, memory
feats, artistic abilities, and
musical abilities.
gp(8)
7
In Most People these Intelligences
are Positively Correlated
Gardner argues that most people can develop
competence in all eight of these intelligences.
Encouraged elementary and secondary
education to address all types of intelligences.
gp(8)
8
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
3 aspects of Intelligence
1) Analytical (academic problem-solving)
- learning necessary information
- planning how to solve a problem
- combing knowledge and plans
2) Creative Situations
- reacting adaptively to novel situations
gp(8)
9
3) Practical Intelligence
relating intelligence to the world
- adapting the world
- adapting our thinking
*captures the idea that being smart in different
Settings means different things.
E.g., “Street Smart” vs. “Book smart”
gp(8)
10
Intelligence and Creativity
Creative solutions are both Novel (new) and
valuable (serve a purpose).
Five components of Creativity:
• Expertise
• Imagination – divergent thinking
• Venturesome personality
• Intrinsic Motivation
• Creative Environment
Forest video (3.19) gp(8)
11
Emotional
Intelligence
being in tune with one’s
emotions and the
emotions of others can be
considered an aspect of
intelligence
Aspects of emotional
intelligence
 perceiving emotion
 understanding emotion
 managing emotions
 using emotions
Intelligence Tests
Standardized tests:
- given in a consistent manner
- known norms for interpreting the test.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Score adjusted for age.
gp(8)
13
History of Intelligence Tests
Binet-Simon Test
- developed in 1904 in France.
-standardized for different age
groups.
-predicts performance in
school.
gp(8)
14
Stanford-Binet Test (Terman,1920’s)
English-American version of Binet-Simon
Progressive - begin below age level and work
to harder problems.
Average IQ = 100 St Div ~15
Sub-scores - Knowledge, Abstract spatial reasoning,
Short Term Memory
gp(8)
15
gp(8)
16
Intellectual Disability - 2 Standard deviations
below the mean (IQ = < 30) and limited adaptive
behavior in
• conceptual skills (language, time, money, etc.)
• social skills – ability to obey laws, social norms
and avoid victimization.
• practical skills – daily personal care,
occupational skills
gp(8)
17
Wechsler Tests
WAIS - Adult Test
WISC - Children (up to 16)
Verbal and Performance Sub-scales
Six Sub-scales each Results provide profile of scores.
gp(8)
18
Graduate Records Exam (GRE)
- predicts performance in Graduate School
(verbal and quantitative sub-scales)
Other profession school admissions tools.
- MCAT - Medical school
- LSAT - Law school
gp(8)
19
Reliability
Test-retest Reliability - very high
Does this mean it is a good test?
Validity
How well does it measure what it is supposed to?
Predictive Validity
gp(8)
20
The Flynn Effect
On average, IQ is increasing by 3 per cent per
decade. The effect is so strong that it implies
that half of children in 1932, if given today’s
tests, would score under 80 – the threshold for
mental retardation.
gp(8)
21
Tests involving abstract generalizations have
increased the most.
Performance on tests involving memory,
vocabulary, and general knowledge have hardly
budged.
gp(8)
22
Marks (2010) found evidence for unequal
improvements across the entire IQ spectrum:
the greatest effects of increased literacy rates
were on those in the lower half of the IQ
distribution.
Flynn Effect – periodic restandarizations of
IQ tests result in two people with same ability
being or not being classified as disabled
depending on when they were tested.
gp(8)
23
Explanations included:
• improved nutrition,
• a trend towards smaller families
• better education
• greater environmental stimulation
• heterosis (Hybrid Vigor)
• familiarity with
multiple-choice
questions
gp(8)
24
Aging and Intelligence
Cross Sectional Studies (comparing age
groups) show decline.
Longitudinal studies (follow individual
through life span) show more stability.
gp(8)
25
gp(8)
26
Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid – speedy
reasoning, ability to
see novel solutions
and think abstractly
Crystallized - accumulated knowledge,
experience and wisdom.
gp(8)
27