Biology Chapter 3 Classification

3.1 Why Things are Grouped

Why Things are Grouped

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Classify: group things together based on similarities

Classifying in Everyday Life

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What things do we classify?

How Grouping Helps Us

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Easier to find Share traits (feature that a thing has)

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Faster

Biology Chapter 3 Classification

3.2 Methods of Classification

Early Classification

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Aristotle (Greek, lived about 2000 years ago)

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First to classify living things

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All living thing into two groups

Plants

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herbs- small, soft stems

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shrubs- medium size, many trunks

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trees- tall, one trunk

Animals

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live in water live on land live in air

Problems with this plan

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some living things fit into more than one group some living things change groups as they grow and develop Used until 1700’s

The Beginnings of Modern Classification

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Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish, 1735)

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Classified plants and animals into more groups

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Based system on specific traits

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Gave name to organisms that described their trait 2 part name

Seven Classification Groups kingdom-

king

phylum-

Phillip

class-

came

order-

over

family genus species-

from Germany swimming

Two word names are genus and species People are

Homo sapiens

Biology Chapter 3 Classification

3.3 How Scientists Classify Things

Classify Based on How Organisms Are Related

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The more closely related organisms are the more groups they share

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Compare cat, lion, deer, and octopus Tables 3-2 through 3-5 p. 56-57

Classification Chart

House Cat Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Order: Mammalia Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus:

Felis

Species:

Felis catus

Dog Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae

Canis Canis familiaris

Other Evidence Used in Classifying

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Evolutionary history

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The ancestors that organisms share

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Similar body structures

Other Evidence Used in Classifying Body Chemistry

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How similar are proteins (blood)

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How similar is DNA (DNA fingerprinting)

Scientific Names Came From Classification Scientific names-

Genus species

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Designed by Linnaeus

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Genus- always capitalized

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species- always lower case

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In Latin so italics or underline

Scientific Names Came From Classification

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Sometimes scientific names sound like common names

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Gorilla gorilla Giraffa camelopadalis

Why Scientific Names Are Used

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No mistakes Common names occur for more than one type of organism, hawks Fig. 3-9 p. 60 Scientific names seldom change Scientific names are written in the same language (Latin)

Classification of Kingdoms

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Two kingdoms- Aristotle and Linnaeus had plants and animals

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Then 5 kingdoms, plants, animals, protists, fungi, and monerans (bacteria)

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Then 3 kingdoms- plants, animals, and protists Now 6 kingdoms (started in 2000, not in your textbook)

Archaebacteria (formerly Moneran)

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Live in extreme environments- hot, salt No nucleus or other cell parts One celled Unique cell wall and membrane Unique cell processes

Eubacteria (formerly Moneran)

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No nucleus or other cell parts

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One celled More common bacteria

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Live in many places

Protists

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Mostly one celled, some are many celled Nucleus and other cell parts Some like plants (algae: producers) Some like animals (protozoans: consumers) Some like fungi (decomposers)

Fungi

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Have nucleus and other cell parts

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Multicellular except yeast

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Have cell walls Decomposers (absorb food)

Plants

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Nucleus and other cell parts

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Multicellular Have chlorophyll for photosynthesis Have cell wall (don’t move)

Animals

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Nucleus and other cell parts

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Multicellular Eat- consumers Move from place to place

Classification Changes

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Classification changes as we learn more about organisms and their relationship to each other.