Transcript Life Cycle Analysis

METODE LCA:
LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS
dalam
KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Diabstraksikan oleh: Nunuk L.H., N. Akhmad, E. Sunaryono, dan Soemarno
PSDL-PDKL-PPSUB Januari 2013
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
A product-oriented method
for sustainability analysis
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Life cycle assessment (LCA)
– product from cradle to grave
(vertical integration)
• total picture; avoidance of problem
shifting
– all types of impact (horizontal
integration)
– role of functional unit
• for comparability of different product
systems
– integration over space and time
– standardised in ISO (14040 series)
Now, we come to focus on LCA. First some general
features.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle assessment framework
Goal
and scope
definition
Direct applications:
Inventory
analysis
Interpretation
-
Product development
and improvement
-
Strategic planning
-
Public policy making
-
Marketing
-
Other
Impact
assessment
Here, we see the ISO framework for LCA. It comprises the LCA procedure itself, as
well as its relation with the direct applications. The four main phases of LCA are
concerned with different types of data, assumptions, procedures or calculations. The
Sumber:
Life
Cycle Assessment.
A product-oriented
method
for sustainability
analysis.
phases are
mutually
connected with
arrows. These
represent
flows of information
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Final result can be in terms of:
– LCI results (extractions and emissions)
– LCIA results (for separate impact categories)
– weighted results (one index)
• Weighting (subjective!) possible on basis of:
– distance to target (policy reference)
– economic values (various possibilities, incl.
collectively revealed preferences)
– social preferences (panel process)
Without discussing the machinery inside the LCA tool, the
type of its results it yields are important to know.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Example of the results of a
comparative LCA
Impact
category
Incandescent
lamp
Fluorescent
lamp
Climate
change
120000 kg
CO2-eq
40000 kg
CO2-eq
Ecotoxicity
320 kg DCBeq
440 kg DCBeq
Acidification
45 kg SO2-eq 21 kg SO2-eq
Depletion of
resources
0.8 kg
antinomy-eq
0.3 kg
antinomy-eq
etc
…
…
An example of a table with category indicator results. Some people
refer to this as the environmental profile (or ecoprofile), the
characterisation table, or the impact table.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Main applications
– product comparisons
– product improvement, design and
development
– strategy and policy development
– LCA as a process
Product comparisons is the most obvious and striking application
of LCA. However, product improvement, design and development
are by far the most frequent applications.
Many of these LCAs are never made public: they are for internal
use only.
Larger companies and authorities use LCA for strategy and policy
development, e.g. on the design of logistics, waste policies, etc.
LCA as a process, finally, means that doing an LCA implies
learning:
1. learning about the product,
2. learning about the processes that are involved,
3. learning about the ideas of other stakeholders, etc.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
• Product comparisons
– by industry, government, NGOs
– also for ecolabeling (type I, type III)
• Note:
– need for authorized procedure and peer
review
– “comparative assertions disclosed to the
public” (ISO)
Here are some uses of product comparisons. ISO stresses
the importance of “comparative assertions disclosed to the
public”, where qualiity requirements and procedures are
extremely important.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
This gives an illustration of some ecolabeling criteria.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
• Product improvement, design and
development
– by industry
– also on the basis of adapted LCAtools
• Learning curve:
– LCA suggests rules of thumb
– rules of thumb further validated
and improved by LCA
The use of LCA for improvement, design and
development.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
environmental
improvement
(factors)
Level of improvement
25
System Innovation
20
15
10
Functional Innovation
5
Redesign
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
time (years)
This graph illustrates that different types of improvements are of interest
in different decision situations. As an example, we see three
innovations for cars:
1) the catalyser
2) the hybrid Toyota Prius
3) the full hydrogen-based GM HydroGen3
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
Here, we see an example of simple visual LCA-based rules of
thumb that are used by product designers.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
• Policy and policy development
– by government, sometimes together
with industries or NGOs
– examples:
•
•
•
•
•
waste management
packaging
EU's Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
energy policy
green building
The strategic use of LCA: some examples.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
This shows the classical waste treatment hierarchy. LCA can
be used to validate it, or to add some nuances for particular
materials or products.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
. This is an LCA application for total consumption patterns: which activities
contribute to most to environmental problems? To the right, we see
activities that contribute largely per euro of product. The width indicates
how much a household spends on that activity. Thus the area indicates
the total impact of that activity. Car driving is the activity with the highest
impact. This study has been done for the Integrated Product Policy of the
EU.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
APLIKASI LCA
LCA as a process
– LCA as a vehicle of discussion for
various stakeholders
•
•
•
•
•
•
producer
supply chain
competitors
purchasers
government
NGOs
Finally, LCA as a process of learning and getting
to understand the problems and one another.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KETERBATSAN LCA
LCA in practice obstructed by:
– data requirements
– methodological inconsistencies
– technical characteristics
LCA sounds nice.
But now, we move to some of the problems
in doing LCA.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KETERBATSAN LCA
• Data requirements
– only general, no specific data
– obsolete data
– only data from industrialized
countries
– different data formats
– databases not connected
• Role for ISO 14048 and
UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
• Role for input-output analysis
(and hybrids of IOA and LCA)
LCA is very data intensive. General
purpose databases are emerging, but there
is still much to do.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KETERBATSAN LCA
• Methodological inconsistencies
and debates:
– main issues in LCI:
• system boundaries
• multiple processes/allocation
• attribution versus change oriented
– main issues in LCIA
• midpoint versus damage level
• heterogeneous mechanisms (e.g.,
toxicity)
• regionalisation
Although the basic principles of LCA have been
described in the ISO standards, many issues are
still under debate, especially within academic
circles.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Some specific details:
– global/regional, not local
– steady state, not dynamic, no onetime transitions
– quantitative, not pass/fail criteria
– risk approach, not prevention
approach
Some explanations:
1. LCA does not address the impact of a product for a specific
user at a well-defined place. It focuses on the impacts of a
product as it is available and used in a certain country,
continent, or even the world.
2. LCA studies products in a well-established situation, not the
transition to that situation
3. LCA is primarily a quantitative tool, it does not address issues
as “contains hardwood” or “is recyclable”
4. LCA does not look at risks in the sense of pollutants
exceeding threshold; it focuses on the load
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability
analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Kategori dampak yang lazim:
– depletion of fossil fuels and
minerals
– climate change
– ozone depletion
– photo-oxidant formation
– acidification
– eutrophication
– human toxicity and ecotoxicity
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Kategori Dampak Potensial:
– land occupation (area)
– water use
– salination
– soil erosion
– leakage of nutrients
– noise
This is an additional list of impacts that are
typically not included, but that are sometimes
included, and that are certainly of interest in
special cases.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Not fitting impact categories:
– land use quality (forest, coral reefs)
– depletion of wildlife and fish stocks
– desiccation; desertification
– biodiversity
– contained toxics
There are some environmental issues that
may be of interest as such, but that are
difficult to fit into the overall LCA perspectives
in a satisfactory way.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Perlunya melakukan LCA
– broader (more impacts, also covering
economic and social aspects)
– deeper (more precise, more
mechanisms)
• Bgm melakukan LCA secara lebih luas
dan mendalam
– three major options:
• extension of LCA
• hybrid LCA
• use of toolbox (with additional quantitative
tools, or using pass-fail criteria)
LCA is not perfect. Important directions for improvement
are indicated here, making it broader and deeper.
Three strategies to achieve this are listed as well. More
on the last strategy in the next few slides.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support