Transcript Unit 3: Industrialization, Immigration, Urbanization, and

Unit 3: Industrialization,
Immigration, and Urbanization
3-1: Industrialization
• Industrialization occurred after Civil War
• Many individuals risked all their capital
(resources) to start businesses. Then, and now
these people are entrepreneurs
• These individuals almost always believed in
laissez-faire capitalism
– Keep government out of business, let supply and
demand dictate prices
Cuban, Jobs, and Zuckerberg are all
famous modern entrepreneurs.
3-1: Industrialization
• As businesses grew, they preferred high
protective tariffs
– Taxes on imports that would increase the cost of a
foreign made good
• Why do you think big business owners in America
favored high tariffs?
3-1: Industrialization
• A corporation was how most big businesses
were organized
– A corporation is an organization owned by many
people
• Carnegie Steel was a dominant corporation in
the late 19th-early 20th century
• Andrew Carnegie used the Bessemer process
to help mass produce (produce in high
quantities) steel cheaply.
The Bessemer process allowed Carnegie to mass
produce steel, cheaply. He became a multimillionaire, and Pittsburgh, PA. became the
industrial heart of America
3-1: Industrialization
• Carnegie used vertical integration to make
business profitable, eliminate competition
– Example: Carnegie owned iron ore mines, railroads,
steel factories
• Businesses also used horizontal integration
(combining of all the same industries) to
maximize profits.
• When all of the same businesses combine, this
leads to monopolies
– When one business dominates an entire market
3-1: Industrialization
• Laws were passed against monopolies, but
companies found ways around them
• John D. Rockefeller bought out all
competition in oil industry (Standard Oil) by
forming a trust
– Companies assigns stock to board of trustees who
get dividends (profits)
– Trustees would do what Rockefeller wanted in
running company
John D. Rockefeller ruthlessly controlled the oil business in America due to laissez-faire
capitalism.
3-1: Industrialization
• Most business owners favored buying out
competitors, believed in Social Darwinism
– the belief that those who were the best at running
business would survive, other businesses die
• Led to bad working conditions for laborers in
factories.
– Why would Social Darwinism lead to bad working
conditions for workers?
3-1: Industrialization
• Labor movements arise from issues important to
workers
1. Poor working conditions
2. Low wages
3. Long working hours
•
•
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire highlights problems
for workers (over 160 women die in a crowded
factory fire)
Unions arise, ideas motivated my Marxism
–
Economic idea that workers would revolt against
business owners, and create a classless society
(Communism)
3-1: Industrialization
• Different unions serve different workers
• Knights of Labor: unskilled workers led by
Terence Powderly
– Wanted 8 hour workday, no child labor, wanted
government to track labor data
• AFL (American Federation of Labor): skilled
workers led by Samuel Gompers
– Wanted same things as K.O.L., but wanted to keep
labor out of politics
Terence Powederly
(left), Samuel
Gompers (right), and
Eugene Debs (below),
were all well known
leaders of workers
(labor).
3-1: Industrialization
• Labor conflicts occurred during late 19th, early
20th centuries
– Pullman Strike (1894): 300k railway workers strike, led
by Eugene Debs, troops sent in by President Cleveland
to break it up.
– Homestead Strike (1892): steelworkers union
barricades themselves in Homestead Plant, Pinkerton
detectives forcibly take back plant, 9 workers killed.
– Haymarket Riot (1886): anarchists protesting
businesses throw a bomb into a crowd at Haymarket
square in Chicago, dozens are killed, support for
unions drops.
Note Quiz
1. Name 1 well known labor conflict in the late 19th
century, and EXPLAIN what happened.
2. What was the name of the labor union that united
skilled workers throughout the U.S.?
3. What business organization technique did Andrew
Carnegie use to make his business profitable?
4. What economic idea says that workers will revolt,
overthrow business owners, and create a classless
society?
5. What did American business owners get the
government to impose in order to protect their
industries and companies from foreign competition?
3-2: Immigration and Urbanization
• Millions of immigrants began flooding into the
United States from southern and eastern
Europe (Italians and Slavic ethnicity)
• Most ended their journey from Europe at Ellis
Island in New York Harbor, that processed the
new immigrants
• Immigrants contributed to population boom
of cities
3-2: Immigration and Urbanization
• Discrimination towards immigrants emerged
again in late 19th century
• This discrimination took the form of nativism
– a strong dislike of foreigners by native born Americans
who wanted to limit immigration
– Were suspicious of Asians, Jews, Eastern Europeans
• Nativists got Congress to pass the Chinese
Exclusion Act
– Stopped Chinese immigration for 10 years
– Barred Chinese in country from becoming citizens
3-2: Immigration and Urbanization
• Most Asian immigrants came into U.S. through
Angel Island in California
• Division of classes could be seen according to
where people lived
– Wealthy in heart of the city in fancy homes
– Middle class in surrounding suburbs
– Working poor in tenements
• Dark, dirty, multi-family apartments with little or no
indoor plumbing
Asian immigrants disembarking
at Angel Island in San Francisco
Bay.
3-2: Immigration and Urbanization
• Andrew Carnegie wrote about a Gospel of
Wealth--his philosophy that rich should
accumulate wealth to give it back to society
– When wealthy give money back to the public for the
benefit of society, it is called philanthropy
• Other reformers tried to ease problems of the
poor
– Jacob Riis used his camera to capture hopelessness of
life in tenements, make the rich aware of the crushing
poverty
– Jane Addams started Hull House—a settlement house
to help poor get on their feet, find work
3-2: Immigration and Urbanization
• Interstate Trade was government issue of late
19th century
• Farmers (Populists) were mad at high prices
charged by railroads for shipping, states tried
to regulate prices
• Federal government said only they could
regulate interstate trade
• President Cleveland created interstate
commerce commission (ICC) to regulate trade
Note Quiz
1. What was Nativism?
2. Define “philanthropy”
3. Nativists succeeded in getting what law
passed through Congress? What did it do?
4. Who wrote about the “Gospel of Wealth?”
What beliefs did he talk about in this work?
5. What were the dirty, dark one room, multi
family apartments in big cities called?