Transcript Chapter 24: The West between Wars (1919

The West between Wars
(1919-1939)
Section 1: The Futile Search for
Stability
• Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security
• A Weak League of Nations
• The Treaty of Versailles
• League of Nations
• Woodrow Wilson
• US
• French Demands
• Reparations
• Germany Total amount
• German annual installment payments
• The Weimar Republic 1921
• Ruhr Valley
Section 1: The Futile Search for
Stability
• Inflation in Germany
• Policy of passive resistance
• Strike to protest French occupation
• Adds to the growing inflation
• German mark worthless
• An International Commission
• Charles Dawes
• Dawes Plan
• The Treaty of Locarno
• Foreign Ministers of:
• Germany- Gustav Stresemann
• France - Aristide Briand
• Sign of real peace?
• League of Nations
• Kellogg-Briand Pact
Section 1: The Futile Search for
Stability
• The Great Depression
• Causes of the Great Depression
• Two factors
• Series of downturns
• US Stock Market
• US bank loans to Germany
• 1928 – pull money out of Germany
• 1929 – US stock market crashes
• American investors
• 1931- The Creditanstalt Bank
• Responses to the Depression
• 1932 (Worst year)
• Governments
• Led to serious political effects:
• Increased government activity in the economy
• Renewed interest in Marxism
• Marx’s prediction
Section 1: The Futile Search for
Stability
• Democratic States
• End of World War I
• Woodrow Wilson - “keep the world safe for democracy”
• Seemed to be true in 1919
• Democratic governments
• Returning to the norms
• Germany
• Weimar Republic
• Economic problems
• No tradition of democracy
• France
• Strongest power on the European continent
• Financial problems
• More balanced economy
• Economic instability then led to political effects
• 6 different cabinets were formed
• Popular Front Government
• The French New Deal
• Collective bargaining
Section 1: The Futile Search for
Stability
• Great Britain
• Heavy Industries
• Great Depression
• The Labour Party
• Conservatives
• John Maynard Keynes
• Deficit spending
• Austrian School of Economics:
• Ludwig von Mises
• Friedrich von Hayek
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The United States
• 1932- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
• New Deal
• Public Works programs
• The Works Progress Administration (WPA)
• Welfare System
• Social Security Act
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial
Regimes
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial
Regimes
• The Rise of Dictators
• Totalitarian State
• Democracy short lived
• Italy, Germany, Soviet Union
• Totalitarian State
• Minds and hearts
• Achieved this goal – modern technology
• Limited
• Collective will
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
• Fascism in Italy
• Suffered severe economic problems
• Middle class
• Early 1920’s – Benito Mussolini
• 1919 –Fascio di Combattimento
• Fascism – glorifies the state
• By 1922 – movement was growing
• Treaty of Versailles
• Nationalism
• 1922 – March on Rome – Mussolini and his Black Shirts
• Victor Emanuel III
• New laws passed:
• Right to stop any publication
• PM was made the head of the government
• Police were given unlimited power
• Catholicism was made the state religion
• Lateran Pacts
• OVRA
• “Il Duce”
• The Fascist State
• Totalitarian
• OVRA
• Mass media
• Propaganda
• “Mussolini is always right”
• Created youth groups
• The family
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
• A New Era in the USSR
• Lenin’s New Economic Policy
• War communism
• “Down with Lenin and horse flesh. Bring back the Czar and pork”
• Industrial production
• New Economic Policy (NEP)
• The Soviet Union
• Union of Soviet Socialists Republics – USSR or Soviet Union
• Industrialization
• Lenin will die in 1924
• Politburo
• Leon Trotsky & Other group
• The Rise of Stalin
• Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
• Trotsky - Commissar of War
• Stalin - Party General Secretary
• Five-Year Plans
• 1928 Stalin will end the NEP
• He will launch his first Five-Year Plan
• Five-Years Plans – set economic goals for a five-year period
• Cost of Stalin’s Program
• Massive industrial expansion needed workers
• Government used propaganda
• Collectivization of Agriculture
• Peasants resisted
• Stalin
• Stalin will control the party
• The Great Purge
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
• Authoritarian States in the West
• Authoritarian
• Eastern Europe
• After WWI:
• Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary
• Parliamentary Systems failed:
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No tradition
Mostly rural and agrarian
Large landowners
Ethnic Conflicts
Land owners, churches, and the middle class
• Spain
• The Second Republic
• Rivalries
• Francisco Franco
• Youngest general in Europe
• Coup in 1936
• Spanish Civil War
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Foreign intervention s
• Guernica
Popular Front
1939 –Madrid
• Franco will establish a dictatorship
• The impact of the civil war
Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany
Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany
• Hitler and His Views
• Adolf Hitler
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Early Hitler
April 20, 1889
School –Vienna
Basic social and political ideas:
• Racism
• Nationalist
• Propaganda and terror
• Western Front during WWI
• Germany
• German Worker’s Party
• 1921
• National Socialist German Worker’s Party – NSDAP – or Nazi
• SA, Storm Troopers, or the Brownshirts
• Beer Hall Putsch
• Mein Kampf or My Struggle
• Social Darwinian theory of struggle
• Lebensraum “ living space”
Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany
• Rise of Nazism
• Mass politics and not revolt
• National party
• Reichstag
• “ The Nazi’s rose to power on the empty stomachs of the German people”
• The Nazis Take Control
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President Hindenburg & Reichstag
Hitler to take control and lead
Hitler - Chancellor
Reichstag Fire
Enabling Act
• The constitution
• Hitler - dictatorship
• Nazis
• Purged
• Concentration Camps
• Nazis
• Hindenburg - 1934
• Totalitarian state
• Fuhrer or “leader”
Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany
• The Nazi State, 1933-1939
• Hitler’s totalitarian state
• Aryan Racial State
• Reichs:
• Holy Roman Empire and
• German Empire 1871-1918.
• Third Reich
• Used terror
• Controlled institutions
• Hitler Youth
• The State and Terror
• Schutzstaffeln, (“Guard Squadrons”) the SS
• Heinrich Himmler
• Terror and Ideology
• Economics and Spectacles
• Economics
• Too solve the unemployment problem:
• Unemployment
• Spectacles
• Used grand events
• The Nuremberg Party Rallies
Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany
• Women and Nazism
• Men’s Role
• Women’s Role
• Employment opportunities
• “Get ahold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll sooner find a groom”
• Anti-Semitic Policies
• Long tradition
• Nuremberg Laws
• defined who was considered a Jew
• German citizenship
• Civil rights
• Forbade marriages
• Teach or take part in the Arts
• Yellow Stars of David
• Kristallnacht
• November 9, 1938
• After Kristallnacht:
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Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual
Trends
Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends
• Mass Culture and Leisure
• Marconi’s
• Mass production of Radios
• Movies
• Quo Vadis – Italy
• Birth of a Nation – America
• Use of Radio and Movies for Propaganda
• Radio and Movies
• For political purpose
• Films Impact
• Joseph Goebbels
• Propaganda Ministry
• The Uses of Leisure
• More leisure time
• Professional sporting events and Travel
• Mass Leisure
• Kraft durch Freude
Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual
Trends
• Arts and Science
• Despair and uncertainty
• Art: Nightmares and New Visions
• “the world does not make sense, so why should art?”
• The Dada movement
• Dadaist
• Revolted
• Hannah Hoch – photomontage
• Surrealism
• Portraying the unconscious
• Salvador Dali
• Nazis set out to create a new art form
• Literature: the Search for the Unconscious
• “Stream of consciousness”
• James Joyce - Ulysses
• Hermann Hess –Siddhartha and Steppenwolf
• The Heroic Age of Physics
• Albert Einstein
• Ernest Rutherford – “ heroic age of physics”
• The new physics – undermined the physics of Newton
• Werner Heisenberg - The uncertainty principle
• Heisenberg’s theory
• The theory’s emphasis on randomness