Transcript Chapter 6 Decision Support System Development

Turban, Aronson, and Liang
Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems,
Seventh Edition
Chapter 6
Decision Support System
Development
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-1
Learning Objectives
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Understand the concepts of systems development.
Learn PADI, the phases of SDLC.
Describe prototyping.
Understand which factors lead to DSS success or
failure.
• Learn the importance of project management.
• Describe the three technology levels of DSS.
• Understand the learning process involved in DSS
development.
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-2
Osram Sylvania Thinks Small,
Strategizes Big-Develops the Infonet
HR Portal System Vignette
• Creation of a specialized business portal to
solve specific problem
– Prototype
– Interactive, Web-based
– HR portal
• Think small, strategize big
– Focus on key problems first
– Plan to achieve quick small successes
• Intranet-based portal for hiring, job
postings, benefits, bonuses, retirement
information
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-3
Systems Development Life Cycle
• Four phases
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Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementation
• Cyclical
• Can return to other
phases
• Waterfall model
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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Tools
• Computer-aided software design tools
– Upper CASE –
• Creates systems diagrams(analysis)
– Lower CASE
• Manages diagrams and code
– Integrated CASE
• Combination
• RAD design tools(Rapid application development)
– Enterprise class repository and collaboration
– UML modeling
• Analysis and design software
• Code debugging methods
• Testing and quality assurance tools
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-5
Successful Project Management
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Establish a baseline
Define scope of project
Manage change and scope creep
Get support from upper management
Establish timelines, milestones, and
budgets based on realistic goals
• Involve users
• Document everything
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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Implementation Failures
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Lack of stakeholder involvement
Incomplete requirements
Scope creep
Unrealistic expectations
Project champion leaves
Lack of skill or expertise
Inadequate human resources
New technologies
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-7
Evolutionary Disruptors
• Development environment
– Organizational cultural factors
– Loss of top management support
– User and analyst attitude
– User experience
– Development team capability
• Development process
– User education, support, involvement,
training
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-8
Project Management Tools
• Project management software can
allow:
– Collaboration among disparate teams
– Resource and program management
– Portfolio management
– Web enabled
– Aggregates and analyses project data
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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Alternative Development
Methodologies
• Parallel development
– Multiple development on separate systems
• RAD
– Quick development allowing fast, but limited
functionality
• Phased development
– Sequential serial development
• Prototyping
– Rapid development of portions of projects for user
input and modification
– Small working model or may become functional part of
final system
• Throwaway prototyping
– Pilot test or simple development platforms
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-10
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-11
DSS Development Methodology
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Prototyping
Iterative design
Evolutionary development
Middle out process
Adaptive design
Incremental design
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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DSS Prototyping
• Short steps
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Planning
Analysis
Design
Prototype
• Immediate stakeholder feedback
• Iterative
– In development of prototype
– Within the system in general
– Evaluation integral part
• Control mechanism
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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DSS Prototyping
• Advantages
– User and management
involvement
– Learning explicitly
integrated
– Prototyping bypasses
information requirement
– Short intervals between
iterations
– Low cost
– Improved user
understanding of
system
• Disadvantages
– Changing requirements
– May not have thorough
understanding of
benefits and costs
– Poorly tested
– Dependencies,
security, and safety
may be ignored
– High uncertainty
– Problem may get lost
– Reduction in quality
– Higher costs due to
multiple productions
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-14
Change Management
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Crucial to DSS
People resistant to change
Examine cause of change
May require organizational culture shift
Lewin-Schein change theory steps
– Unfreeze
• Create awareness of need for change
• People support what they help create
– Move
• Develop new methods and behaviors
• Create and maintain momentum
– Refreeze
• Reinforce desired changes
• Establish stable environment
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-15
DSS Technology Levels
• DSS primary tools
– Fundamental elements
• Programming languages, graphics, editors, query systems
• DSS generator (engine)
– Integrated software package for building specific DSS
• Modeling, report generation, graphics, risk analysis
• Specific DSS
– DSS application that accomplishes the work
• DSS primary tools are used to construct integrated
tools that are used to construct specific tools
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
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DSS
• Hardware
– PCs to multiprocessor mainframes
• Software
– Involves multiple criteria
– Develop in house, outsource, or buy off the
shelf
– Off the shelf software rapidly updated; many on
market
– Prices fluctuate
– Different tools available
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-18
DSS
• DSS is much more than just a DBMS,
MBMS, GUI, interface, and
knowledge component
© 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition,
Turban, Aronson, and Liang
6-19