Transcript Chapter 6 Decision Support System Development

Turban, Aronson, and Liang
Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems,
Seventh Edition
Chapter 6
Decision Support System
Development
Agile Development
Agile development is a relatively new form of rapid
prototyping, a RAD method. There are a number of
these lightweight programming methodologies:
extreme programming XP.
Extreme programming are probably the most popular
examples of agile processes these methods attempt
to bypass much of the formalism inherit in the SDLC,
and prototype. Most of the IT organizations are using
agile software development processes.
Agile methods are ideally suited for project that have
unclear or rapidly changing requirement.
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Agile Development
Motorola Inc. has used elements of XP in some of its
development organization, but found that it wasn’t
useful for global development projects. Such projects
require large team. Some developers feel that using
extreme programming will drive higher quality and
rapid application development.
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Agile Development
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Agile Development
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Agile Development
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Agile Development
• Rapid prototyping
• Used for:
– Unclear or rapidly changing
requirements
– Speedy development
• Heavy user input
• Incremental delivery with short time
frames
• Tend to have integration problems
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DSS Development Methodology
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Prototyping
Iterative design
Evolutionary development
Middle out process
Adaptive design
Incremental design
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DSS Prototyping
• Short steps
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Planning
Analysis
Design
Prototype
• Immediate stakeholder feedback
• Iterative
– In development of prototype
– Within the system in general
– Evaluation integral part
• Control mechanism
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DSS Prototyping
• Advantages
– User and management
involvement
– Learning explicitly
integrated
– Prototyping bypasses
information requirement
– Short intervals between
iterations
– Low cost
– Improved user
understanding of
system
• Disadvantages
– Changing requirements
– May not have thorough
understanding of
benefits and costs
– Poorly tested
– Dependencies,
security, and safety
may be ignored
– High uncertainty
– Problem may get lost
– Reduction in quality
– Higher costs due to
multiple productions
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DSS Development Methodology
Evolutionary development
Evolutionary is an integral part of the development
process and is the control mechanism for the entire
iterative design process. The Evolutionary
mechanism is what keeps the cost and effort
developing a DSS consistent with its values. At the
end of the evolution a decision is made on whether to
refine the DSS or to stop it.
If the prototype is ok we move to the formal
implementation of the DSS, which could include all
the users training, and so on. All the analysis, design,
construction, implementation, and evaluating steps
are repeated in each successive refinement.
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DSS Development Methodology
Iterative design
The Iterative design approach produces a specific
DSS applications. The process is fairly
straightforward for a DSS designed for personal
support. The process becomes more complicated,
Although not invalid, for a DSS the provide group
support or organizational support. Specifically, there
is a greater need for mechanism to support
communication among users and developers. There
is also a need for mechanisms to accommodate
personal variations while maintaining a common core
system that standard for all users.
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Why prototyping
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Why prototyping
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Change Management
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Change Management
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Change Management
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Crucial to DSS
People resistant to change
Examine cause of change
May require organizational culture shift
Lewin-Schein change theory steps
– Unfreeze
• Create awareness of need for change
• People support what they help create
– Move
• Develop new methods and behaviors
• Change the magnitude and direction of the forces.
– Refreeze
• Reinforce desired changes
• Establish stable environment
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Change Management
The ISA (Ideal State Analysis) process essentially
follows the Lewin-Schein change theory in the
following 3 steps:
1. Create the ideal future state.
2. Perform an honest assessment of the current
state.
3. Develop a number of creative alternatives to
bridge the gap between the current state and the
ideal state.
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DSS Technology Levels
The classifications of technology levels is important
not only for understanding the development of DSS
but also for developing a framework for there use.
There are 3 DSS technology level:
1. DSS primary tools
2. DSS integrated tool (generator)
3. Specific DSS. // HR InfoNet system ex.
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DSS Technology Levels
DSS primary tools
At the lowest level of DSS technology are the primary
tools. These fundamental elements facilitate the
development of either a DSS generator or a specific
DSS. Examples of DSS tools are programing
languages, graphics, editors, query systems and
random-number generators. Also include in this
category are new web programming systems (jave,
.Net, PHP) that contain objects that enhance the
development of web based DSS/BI.
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DSS Technology Levels
DSS integrated tool
A DSS integrated tool or DSS generator is an
integrated development software package that
provides a set of capabilities for building a specific
DSS quickly, inexpensively, and easily. A generator
has diverse capabilities ranging from modeling,
report generation, and graphical display to
performing risk analysis. These capabilities are
integrated into an easy to use package. A popular
PC-based generator is excel.
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DSS Technology Levels
• DSS primary tools
– Fundamental elements
• Programming languages, graphics, editors, query systems
• DSS generator (engine)
– Integrated software package for building specific DSS
• Modeling, report generation, graphics, risk analysis
• Specific DSS
– DSS application that accomplishes the work
• DSS primary tools are used to construct integrated
tools that are used to construct specific tools
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